Материал: Гольцева О.Ю. Международное право в официальных документах. Под ред. И.А. Горшеневой

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Emissions trading – known as “the carbon market"

Clean development mechanism Joint implementation.

Under the Protocol, countries’ actual emissions have to be monitored and precise records have to be kept of the trades carried out. Registry systems track and record transactions by Parties under the mechanisms. The UN Climate Change Secretariat, based in Bonn, Germany, keeps an international transaction log to verify that transactions are consistent with the rules of the Protocol. Reporting is done by Parties by way of submitting annual emission inventories and national reports under the Protocol at regular intervals.

A compliance system ensures that Parties are meeting their commitments and helps them to meet their commitments if they have problems doing so.

The Kyoto Protocol, like the Convention, is also designed to assist countries in adapting to the adverse effects of climate change. It facilitates the development and deployment of techniques that can help increase resilience to the impacts of climate change.

Exercise 11. Find the English equivalents for these word combinations.

Рамочная конвенция об из менениии климата, основные черты, поставить обязательные задачи, промышленно развитые страны, уменьшить выбросы парниковых газов, стабилизировать выбросы парниковых газов, тяжелое бремя, промышленная деятельность, подробные правила реализации протокола, соответствовать целям/ выполнить задачи, посредством государственных мер, рыночные механизм, совместное применение, точные отчеты, система регистрации, удостовериться, соответствовать правилам, выполнять обязательства, способствовать развитию, повышать гибкость реаширования на последствия изменения климата.

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OVER TO YOU

What do you think about the obectives of the Kioto protocol? Are they easily implemented? What commitments did the member states bear under the protocol? Has the Russian Federation signed and ratified this Protocol? Write an essay to express your opinion.

Exercise 12. Read the text of this Protocol.

SUPPLEMENTARY PROTOCOL TO THE HAGUE CONVENTION ON THE RECOGNITION AND

ENFORCEMENT OF FOREIGN JUDGMENTS IN CIVIL

AND COMMERCIAL MATTERS

(Concluded 1 February 1971)

The States signatory to the present Protocol.

In the knowledge that certain grounds of jurisdiction, which are not included in Articles 10 and 11 of the Hague Convention on the Recognition and Enforcement of Foreign Judgments in Civil and Commercial Matters, can only exceptionally justify the international recognition and enforcement of judgments.

Convinced that the principles upon which this Protocol is founded shall prevail both in Supplementary Agreements, which will be concluded under Article 21 of the said Convention and in other Conventions to be concluded in the future.

Have resolved to conclude a Protocol to this end, and agreed on the following provisions:

(1)This Protocol shall apply to all foreign decisions, regardless of their State of origin, rendered in matters to which the Convention on the Recognition and Enforcement of Foreign Judgments in Civil and Commercial Matters extends, and directed against a person having his domicile or habitual residence in a Contracting State.

(2)Contracting States for the purposes of Articles 1 and 2 are States which are Parties to the Convention, and are linked by a Supplementary Agreement in accordance with Article 21 thereof.

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(3) The grounds of jurisdiction referred to in the first paragraph of Article 2 are the following:

a) the presence in the territory of the State of origin of property belonging to the defendant, or the seizure by the plaintiff of property situated there, unless:

–the action is brought to assert proprietary or possessory rights in that property, or arises from another issue relating to such property;

–the property constitutes the security for a debt which is the subject-matter of the action;

b)the nationality of the plaintiff;

c)the domicile, habitual residence or ordinary residence of the plaintiff within the territory of the State of origin unless the assumption of jurisdiction on such a ground is permitted by way of an exception made on account of the particular subject-matter of a class of contracts;

d)the fact that the defendant carried on business within the territory of the State of origin, unless the action arises from that business;

e)service of a writ upon the defendant within the territory of the State of origin during his temporary presence there;

f)a unilateral specification of the forum by the plaintiff, particularly in an invoice.

(4)A legal person shall be considered to have its domicile or habitual residence where it has its seat, its place of incorporation, or its principal place of business.

(5)This Protocol shall not prevail over present or future Conventions which, in relation to special fields, provide for any of the grounds of jurisdiction specified in Article 4.

(6)This Protocol applies subject to the provisions of existing Conventions relating to the recognition and enforcement of foreign judgments.

(7)The present Protocol shall be open for signature by every State which has signed the Hague Convention on the

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Recognition and Enforcement of Foreign Judgments in Civil and Commercial Matters.

It shall enter into force on the sixtieth day after the deposit of the second instrument of ratification….

A denunciation of the Convention entails the denunciation of the Protocol.

In witness whereof the undersigned, being duly authorized thereto, have signed this Protocol.

Done at The Hague, on the first day of February, 1971, in the English and French languages, both texts being equally authentic, in a single copy which shall be deposited in the archives of the Government of the Netherlands and of which a certified copy shall be sent, through the diplomatic channel, to each of the States represented at the Tenth Session of the Hague Conference on Private International Law, and to Cyprus, Iceland and Malta.

Exercise 13. Find in the text of the Protocol the

English equivalents for these word combinations.

Сознавая, что…; международное признание и применение судебных решений; согласовать положения; применять протокол; с этой целью; временное и постоянное проживание; вне зависимости от; отстаивать право собственности на; возникать из; являться обеспечением по кредиту; судебная повестка/предписание; временное присутствие; влечет за собой денонсацию; по дипломатическим каналам; равно аутентичные тексты.

Exerctse 14 Complete these sentences.

1.The States signatory have resolved to ___________

2.This Protocol shall apply to ____________________

3.The grounds of jurisdiction, which are not included in the Hague Convention on the Recognition and Enforcement of Foreign Judgments in Civil and Commercial Matters are _____

4.This Protocol shall not prevail ___________________

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5.This Protocol applies _________________________

6.The present Protocol shall be open for ___________

7.The Protocol shall enter into force _______________

Exercise 15. Study these word combinations with the word “end” in the meaning “an aim or purpose”.

Make up sentences of your own.

Exercise 16. Translate these sentences.

1.To this end, the Parties shall work together to establish a regional security regime.

2.Government policy uses the variety of policy instruments available in an effort to achieve its ends.

3.With this end in view, an international information network for environmental education could ensure the systematic gathering of data on national achievements and could make these data available to users through various media and in various forms.

4.To this end the following acts are and shall remain prohibited at any time and in any place whatsoever with respect to the above-mentioned persons

5.It is logical to assume that NATO continues to extend its borders for political ends alone - to spread the European zone of liberty and democracy.

6.To this end the contracting Parties shall separately or jointly take in particular the measures indicated below.

7.The invention of nuclear and space weapons has made war unacceptable as an instrument for achieving political ends.

8.To this end, these Parties shall take steps to share their experience and exchange information on such policies and measures, including developing ways of improving their comparability, transparency and effectiveness.