Материал: Гольцева О.Ю. Международное право в официальных документах. Под ред. И.А. Горшеневой

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internal affairs of another. But Resolution 688, passed by the UN Security Council on April 5, 1991, ordered Iraq to grant access to international humanitarian organizations so that assistance could be given to refugees, and authorized military action against Iraq if access were refused. The right to interfere seems to be replacing the principle of non-intervention, but there is great debate about just when such interference is acceptable (This is more of a political issue than a legal one.)

Exercise 2. Read the text and find the English equivalents for these word combinations.

Заключить договор, Средневековая Европа, Торговое право, выступать посредником, соперничество между, сфера интересов, равное отношение к, регулировать споры между странами, международная напряженность, привести ко Второй мировой войне, обращение с военнопленными, статус беженцев, обязывающее соглашение, военная мощь, основные принципы Устава ООН, Совет Безопасности, предоставить доступ к …, международные гуманитарные организации, оказать помощь, принцип невмешательства, приемлемый.

Exercise 3. Say whether these statements are true or false, according to the information of the text. Correct the wrong ones.

1.In Medieval Europe, only the Canon Law of the Catholic Church had an important role.

2.Most international law has been created in the seventeenth century starting from the 1648 Treaty of Westphalia.

3.The United Nations was set up after World War I to regulate disputes between nations.

4.There are no important differences between international laws and those created inside individual states.

5.Many international agreements are not binding.

6.The U.S.-dominated international peacekeeping operations play the role of world police force.

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7.The basic principles of the UN Charter are that one nation should not interfere in the internal affairs of another.

8.To accept or not to accept interference is a legal issue.

Exercise 4. Translate these word combinations into

English.

1.peace-keeping – миротворческие силы, миротворческая операция, миротворец, обязанности миротворцев, миротворческая миссия

2.treaty – политический договор, экономический договор, заключить договор, подписать договор, мирный договор, договор о торговле, присоединиться к договору.

3.tension – остановить рост международной напряженности, расовая напряженность, социальная напряженность, напряженность в отношениях между двумя странами, разрядка международной напряженности

4.agreement – межправительственное соглашение, поддержка соглашения, выработать соглашение, прийти

ксоглашению, нарушить соглашение

5.principle – основополагающий принцип, принцип невмешательства во внутренние дела, принцип равенства, в соответствии с принципом

6.binding – договор, содержащий юридические обязательства, обязательный для обеих сторон, взять на себя обязательства

Exercise 5. Answer these questions.

1.What are the pre-20th century forms of international

law?

2.How can you characterize the role of the League of Nations?

3.Are there any differences between international and domestic law?

4.Why is the enforcement of international law different from the enforcement of domestic law?

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5. What are the distinctive features of U.S.-dominated international peacekeeping operations?

7.What is one of the basic principles of the UN Charter?

8.Do you think the principle of non-intervention may be violated? Give your reasons.

Exercise 6. Read the text using a dictionary.

International law is the term commonly used for referring to the system of implicit and explicit agreements that bind together nation-states in adherence to recognized values and standards. It differs from other legal systems in that it primarily concerns states rather than private citizens. However, the term "International Law" can refer to three distinct legal disciplines:

Public international law, which involves for instance the United Nations and other international organizations, maritime law, international criminal law and the Geneva conventions.

Private international law, or conflict of laws, which addresses the questions of (1) in which legal jurisdiction may a case be heard; and (2) the law concerning which jurisdiction(s) apply to the issues in the case.

Supranational law or the law of supranational organizations, which concerns at present regional agreements where the special distinguishing quality is that laws of nation states are held inapplicable when conflicting with a supranational legal system.

The two traditional branches of the field are:

*jus gentium – law of nations

*jus inter gentes – agreements among nations

Public international law concerns the relationships between the legal entities which are considered the subjects of international law, including sovereign nations, international organizations (including especially intergovernmental organizations such as the United Nations), and in some cases, movements of national liberation and armed insurrectional movements.

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Public international law concerns the structure and conduct of sovereign states and intergovernmental organizations. Public international law has increased in use and importance vastly over the twentieth century, due to the increase in global trade, armed conflict environmental deterioration on a worldwide scale, awareness of human rights violations, rapid and vast increases in international transportation and a boom in global communications.

Norms of international law have their source in either

custom, or customary international law (consistent state practice accompanied by opinio juris**),

globally accepted standards of behaviour (peremptory norms known as jus cogens** or ius cogens),

codifications contained in conventional agreements, generally termed treaties. Article 13 of the United Nations Charter obligates the UN General Assembly to initiate studies and make recommendations which encourage the progressive development of international law and its codification. Evidence of consensus or state practice can sometimes be derived from intergovernmental resolutions or academic and expert legal opinions (sometimes collectively termed soft law).

Public international law should not be confused with

"private international law", which is concerned with the resolution of conflict of laws. Conflict of laws is less international than public international law. It is distinguished from public international law because it governs conflicts between private persons, rather than states. It concerns the questions of which jurisdiction should be permitted to hear a legal dispute between private parties, and which jurisdiction's law should be applied. Today corporations are increasingly capable of shifting capital and labor supply chains across borders, as well as trading with overseas corporations. Increasing numbers of businesses use commercial arbitration under the New York Convention 1958.