Материал: Гольцева О.Ю. Международное право в официальных документах. Под ред. И.А. Горшеневой

ББК 81.2Англ Г63

Гольцева, О. Ю.

Международное право в официальных документах : учебник /

под ред. И. А. Горшеневой. – М. : Московский университет МВД Рос-

сии имени В.Я. Кикотя, 2018. – 396 с. – ISBN 978-5-9694-0517-2.

В учебнике «Международное право в официальных документах» широко представлена разнообразная тематика: виды и структура международных официальных документов; история, развитие и основополагающие принципы международного права; роль международных организаций; дипломатический этикет; защита прав человека; проблемы и вызовы, стоящие перед человечеством в современном мире.

Комплекс лексико-грамматических упражнений направлен на формирование у студентов как языковых, так и профессиональных знаний, а также навыков чтения на английском языке и профессионального перевода специальных документов, таких как международные договоры, конвенции, протоколы, декларации и др. Представленный материал аутентичен, современен и актуален.

Предназначен для студентов юридических вузов и факультетов, в том числе системы Министерства внутренних дел. Целевой аудиторией являются будущие юристы-специалисты в области международного права.

ББК 81.2Англ

Рецензенты: доцент кафедры иностранных языков Российского государственного университета правосудия кандидат филологических наук Т. А. Булановская; заведующий кафедрой И-11 «Иностранный язык для аэрокосмических специальностей» ФГБОУ ВО «Московский авиационный институт» кандидат филологичесих наук, доцент И. Э. Коротаева; профессор кафедры иностранных языков и лингвистики МосГУ кандидат педагогических наук, доцент С. Ф. Щербак.

ISBN 978-5-9694-0517-2

© Московский университет МВД России имени В.Я. Кикотя, 2018 © Гольцева О. Ю., 2018

4

PART I

LESSON 1

HISTORY OF INTERNATIONAL LAW Starting up

Discuss the following questions.

1.What do you understand by the term “international law”? Try to give a definition.

2.What do you think is the role of international law in the modern world? Why and when did it appear?

Comment on the following quotation. What are the two periods of international law? Do you know anything about the Hague conference?

“I am convinced that when the history of international law comes to be written centuries hence, it will be divided into two periods: the first being from the earliest times to the end of the nineteenth century, and the second beginning with the Hague Conference.”

Ludwig Quidde (1858 – 1941), a German pacifist, Nobel Peace Prize laureate.

Exercise 1. Read the text and find the answers to these questions.

1.What is the text about?

2.How many parts does it comprise?

3.What are these parts?

International law is not new. Nations have always made political and economic treaties with each other. In Medieval Europe, the Canon Law of the Catholic Church had an important role. Law Merchant regulated trade across political frontiers. In the fifteenth century, the Church mediated rivalry between Spain and Portugal by dividing the world into their respective areas of interest. The 1648 Treaty of

5

Westphalia, which called for equal treatment everywhere of Protestants and Catholics, can be seen as an early international human rights law.

Nevertheless, most international law has been created in the twentieth century. The League of Nations was set up after World War I to regulate disputes between nations. However, it failed to stop the international tension that led to World War II, partly because some powerful countries did not join (U.S.) and others left when they disagreed with its decisions (Germany, Japan). But it resulted in adopting some important international legislation like the Geneva Convention on the Treatment of Prisoners of War and the 1951 Convention on the Status of Refugees.

There are some important differences between international laws and those created inside individual states. Domestic laws are passed by legislative bodies, most of which have some popular political support. International laws, on the other hand, are created by agreements among governments. As a result, it is not as clear whether they have the support of individual citizens. Enforcement of international law is also different. Many international agreements are not binding – for example, UN General Resolutions. Even when nations agree to be bound, it is unclear how obligations are to be enforced.

At certain times particular nations have acted like a police force. Since the 1991 Gulf War, the U.S.-dominated international peacekeeping operations have perhaps come nearer to playing this role of world police force than anyone previously, having more military power than former UN peacekeeping forces and being prepared to use it. But the operation's temporary nature and self-interested motives mean it differs from a true police force.

The end of Cold War tension and the 1991 Gulf War seem to have produced a new consensus in the world about international war. One of the basic principles of the UN Charter was that one nation should not interfere in the