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которая далее может быть использована как коммуникативный ход, подтверждающий оригинальную установку или же контраргумент, вводимый тактикой уступки.

Типовые выражения: This is partly true, but …; It should be so ideally, but if we look at the real situation, … However practice shows that …; That is a fair point but you must at least agree that …; Yet the reality is far from it.

Оценка – Evaluation – тактика, позволяющая дать личную оценку тем или иным аспектам, обсуждаемой проблемы, а также мнению собеседника.

Типовые выражения: It’s more a case of …; that’s probably the last thing on someone’s mind…; this / that is quite (adjective) …; sth is as (adjective) as …; it looks very (adjective) to me… .

Размышление (Обдумывание) – Speculation – тактика, по-

зволяющая выиграть немного времени для обдумывания следующей реплики, избегая вокальных пауз.

Типовые выражения: Let me think for a moment; I think it must be (a)

…; It’s more obviously about …; It seems to be about…; so this is probably ….; or maybe it is a …; he could be ….; if I may speculate for a moment …: Let’s take a hypothetical case …; Allowing for the fact that …; It’s probably a matter of …; I’m not sure but I think … .

Для развития умения применять рассматриваемые тактики мы предлагаем систему заданий, снабжая её тематическим наполнением, чтобы показать возможности системного развития коммуникативных умений.

Первое задание связано с выделением коммуникативных тактик в заданных фрагментах текста, с их конкретными формулировками. Задание по форме выполнения является чисто рецептивным. При этом успешное выполнение этого задания возможно только при списочном представлении тактик для идентификации.

Ниже приведены 5 высказываний о роли наказания в качестве средства предотвращения преступлений. Пожалуйста, попытайтесь определить, какие тактики были использованные говорящими в каждом конкретном случае. Подчеркните средства их формального выражения.

Below you see 5 statements about the role of punishment as a deterrent to crime. Please, try to identify a tactic used by the speaker in each particular case. Underline the means of its formal expression.

Options to choose from:

f)the exemplification

I)I quite agree with the opinion that stricter forms of punishment can serve as a functional deterrent to crime. They can be exemplary in terms of showing people who are planning to commit a crime that the punishment which their crime entails is serious enough to make their life meaningless. From my perspective, the attitude of society to crime might change dramatically. What I mean is that sometimes fear can be helpful in cultivating a social opinion when other methods do not work.

Ключ:

Согласие – Agreement;

Высказывание мнения – Statement of opinion;

Уточнение – Specification.

II) Punishment ideally should be a deterrent to crime. That’s a fair point, but you must at least agree that in most cases hardened criminals are not deterred by harsher kinds of punishment. Sometimes I tend to think that the threat of punishment does little to reduce crime. People don’t often carefully deliberate their punishment before they rob somebody. Criminals even confess that they didn’t see themselves as having any future, that’s why punishment was not scary for them. So, in such situations being under pressure of their own problems like feeding a drug habit, earning the respect of peers, or just meeting everyday expenses, robbery and burglary were easy and feasible solutions for them.

Ключ:

Высказывание мнения – Statement of sb’s opinion; Уступка – Concession;

Отстаивание (защита) мнения – Assertion of one’s own opinion; Иллюстрация примерами – Exemplification.

III) I really believe that the police deter crime when they do things that strengthen a criminal’s perception of the inevitability of being caught.

Strategies used by police, such as hot spots policing, are particularly effective. It seems to me a criminal’s behavior is more likely to be influenced by seeing a police officer with handcuffs and a radio than by a new law increasing penalties.

Ключ:

Высказывание собственного мнения – Statement of one’s opinion; Иллюстрация примерами – Exemplification;

Размышление – Speculation.

IV) Actually, by looking at the way modern prisons are controlled in general, you would probably argue the opposite. But I strongly believe

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that sending an individual convicted of a crime to prison isn’t a very effective way to deter crime. Prisons may be good at keeping offenders off the street, but prison sentences are unlikely to deter future crime. On the opposite, they may have a deleterious effect on inmates. The latter learn more effective crime strategies from each other, and time spent in prison may make many perpetrators immune to the threat of future imprisonment.

Ключ:

Уступка – Concession;

Констатация собственного мнения – Statement of one’s opinion;

Уступка – Concession;

Констатация собственного мнения – Statement of one’s opinion; Отстаивание (защита) мнения – Assertion of opinion.

V) I tend to disagree with the given statement. In my humble opinion laws and policies aimed at deterring crime by focusing mainly on increasing the severity of punishment are ineffective because criminals know little about the sanctions for specific crimes. They are undereducated for the most part, so, they are driven primarily by personal gain. In the majority of cases the perspective of a draconian punishment is not projected by criminals onto themselves. And this is exactly why the strategy of using hard punishment, namely long sentences, as a powerful deterrent to crime seems doubtful. At the same time it makes sense to resort to rehabilitation providing only verified information as well as to double-check.

Ключ:

Высказывание собственного мнения – Statement of one’s opinion;

Обобщение – Generalization;

Отстаивание (защита) мнения – Assertion of the opinion; Оценка – Evaluation.

Высказывание собственного (альтернативного) мнения – Statement of one’s own (alternative) opinion.

Второе задание также следует отнести к условно продуктивным, так как оно предполагает полностью самостоятельное решение коммуникативной задачи, однако обучающемуся «навязывается» лексический компонент. Коммуниканту предлагается ответить на вопрос, опираясь на лексику, помогающую более детально и успешно выразить собственное мнение. При выполнении данного задания кандидат использует такие коммуникативные тактики, как высказывание личного мнения, изложение факта, размышление.

Answer the following questions:

1. What kind of person should a law enforcement officer be?

Use some of the words: intelligent, honest, dedicated to the profession, physically strong, energetic, healthy, well-trained, to be good at martial arts;

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brave, strong-willed, well-educated, persistent, patient; to possess common sense; to possess integrity and moral qualities.

2. Why did you choose the law enforcement profession?

Use the words and constructions: I’d like to...; I have always wanted to …; under the conditions of globalization of crime; necessary and important; to investigate different types of offences; to fight and prevent crime; a family tradition; a law enforcement officer; an investigator; a bobby handler; an operative of the CID; a juvenile inspector.

3. Why is this profession noble?

Use the words: dangerous and unpredictable; to fight crime; to risk one’s life; to apprehend a criminal; to protect personal safety of citizens; to maintain law and public order; to protect life and property; to contribute to society’s well-being.

4. Why should a law enforcement officer be a well-educated person?

Use the words: to locate and arrest criminals; to collect evidence to prove the guilt or innocence of a suspect; detect missing persons; quick and accurate solution of a crime; to interrogate suspects; to interview eyewitnesses; to improve police/public relations.

5. Do you like your future profession? Why?

Use the words: interesting; dangerous; difficult; important; honorable; necessary; to require physical stamina; an outstanding aptitude at work; an indepth knowledge of the law; to get feedback for your work; to be morally satisfying.

Третье задание носит рецептивно-репродуктивный характер, поскольку предлагает готовый множественный выбор начальной реплики, однако обучает оценивать диалог «изнутри», применяя на себя роль одного из участников.

Ниже приведены рамки с фразами для выражения различных коммуникативных тактик и предложения для тренировки. Работая в парах, попытайтесь составить высказывания, используя фразы из рамки. Они помогут Вам выразить Ваше согласие или несогласие с идеями в предложениях.

Below you see a box with phrases for expressing different communicative tactics and sentences for a drill. Working in pairs, try to make up your own statements using phrases from the box. They will help you to agree or disagree with the ideas in the sentences.

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Frames

Personally, I agree that … / I would go along with the idea that … / I (wholeheartedly) support the opinion that … / I completely disagree that … / To my mind … / The way I see it … / I strongly disapprove of the suggestion …/ It seems to me that … / I have little doubt that … / I have to say I totally disagree with the idea of … / I would certainly prefer … / There is no doubt that … / I would obviously like … / As far as I am concerned, I ... / Given (that) … / Provided (that) … / Considering / I would like to take issue with the idea … / To take up your point, I’d like to say … / One more facet of the problem pertinent to our consideration is … / Looking at / Taking the example of … / If I may speculate for a moment, … / In contrast to this it should be added that … / Let us take a hypothetical case … / In actual fact, … (this phrase provides a contrast)

Предложения для тренировки:

Agree or disagree with the following statements:

1.Police cooperation can be really effective in combating transnational

crimes.

2.The basic mission of the police is investigating crimes.

3.All cadets and trainees should master martial arts.

4.Profiling is one of the best methods of finding the culprit.

5.Electronic surveillance is a useful way of getting intelligence information about suspects.

6.International notices are a very important part of what Interpol does.

Примеры:

1: There is no doubt that police cooperation nowadays is indispensa-

ble in combating transnational crime. Taking the example of serious crimes such as drug trafficking, or worse, human trafficking, it is simply impossible to locate and apprehend mobile criminals if they cross national borders without police cooperation. For this reason Interpol, Europol and other organizations are necessary as they provide legal guidelines for collaborative fight against transnational crimes.

2: To my way of thinking, the statement that the basic mission of the police is investigating crimes is too categorical. Certainly, investigation of crimes lies within fundamental functions of the police. However, we must admit that there are other missions which are none the less important. For example, we may speak about maintaining law and public order as essential functions that the police carry out. These functions are significant because they are stepping stones to one more function of the police, which is prevention of crime. These few examples show that the mission of the police is not altogether limited by investigation of crimes.