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4.Ted’s father had advised him not to get married till he was 35.

5.She hadn’t done all the shopping when she suddenly felt sick.

6.He had spoken to the boss before he decided to leave.

7.Before we had supper, the children had gone to bed.

8.After our car had broken down a third time, we decided to sell it.

The Past Perfect Continuous Tense

Past Perfect Continuous образуется с помощью вспомогательного глагола to be в форме Past Perfect (had been) и

причастия I смыслового глагола:

(+) I (we, you, they, he, she, it) had been writing.

(-) I (we, you, they, he, she, it) had not been writing.

(?) Had I (we, you, they, he, she, it) been writing?

Past Perfect Continuous употребляется:

1. Для выражения прошедшего действия, которое продолжалось в прошлом некоторый период времени,

выраженный или подразумеваемый, и закончилось (или могло еще продолжаться) при наступлении второго, более позднего прошедшего действия. Это второе, более позднее прошедшее действие выражается в Past Indefinite. Past Perfect Continuous переводится на русский язык глаголом в прошедшем времени, обычно несовершенного вида:

I had been writing my exercises for two hours when my friend came. – Я писал упражнения (прошедшее действие) два чаca (указание периода времени), когда пришел мой друг (второе, более позднее прошедшее действие, при наступлении которого первое действие закончилось или могло еще продолжаться).

The new turbine had been working for several hours before we gave it a full load. – Новая турбина работала

(прошедшее действие) несколько часов (указание периода времени) до того, как мы дали ей полную нагрузку (второе,

более позднее прошедшее действие, при наступлении которого первое действие не закончилось).

The new pump had already been working for two hours when we stopped it for examination. – Новый насос работал

(прошедшее действие) два часа (указание продолжительности действия), когда мы его остановили для осмотра

(второе, более позднее прошедшее действие, при наступлении которого первое действие прекратилось).

2. Past Perfect Continuous употребляется также для выражения действия, которое продолжалось некоторый период времени в прошлом и закончилось (или еще продолжается) к данному моменту в прошлом. При указании данного момента в прошлом употребляется предлог by:

By three o'clock the new pump had been working for two hours. – К трем часам (указание данного момента в прошлом) насос уже работал (прошедшее действие) два часа (указание продолжительности действия).

Как видно из примеров, при употреблении Past Perfect Continuous, как правило, указывается (или подразумевается), сколько времени прошедшее действие продолжалось до наступления другого прошедшего действия или момента в прошлом. Поэтому Past Perfect Continuous обычно употребляется с такими обозначениями времени, как

for ... hours (days, weeks, months, years и т. д.) – в течение ... часов (дней, недель, месяцев, лет и т. д.); since 1960 – с 1960 года и т. п.

Exercise 57. Раскройте скобки, используя глаголы в Past Perfect Continuous. Выполните перевод.

1. (…) you (to wait) long before the taxi arrived? 2. Jane said she (to garden) all afternoon. 3. We (to try) to open the door for five minutes when Jane found her key. 4. It (to rain) hard for several hours and the streets were very wet. 5. When the police questioned him, John told them he (to work) late in the office that night. 6. Her friends (to think) of calling the police when she walked in. 7. Mr Brown (to work) for 45 years when he finally retired in 2010. 8. The FBI (to look) for the criminal for three years before they caught him. 9. When Sam got home, his hair was still wet because he (to swim). 10. Joe (already to think) about changing his job when he got the offer. 11. We (to travel) for about four hours when I realized that something was wrong with one of the tyres.

Exercise 58. Выберите правильный вариант: Past Perfect или Past Perfect Continuous.

1. I knew my mother (had done / had been doing) the washing because the washing machine was still working when I got in. 2. By 10.30 the children (had been doing / had done) their homework and were ready to go to bed. 3. My son came home crying because someone (had stolen / had been stealing) his money. 4. She saw empty glasses and cups and realized that three people (had been / had been being) in the room. 5. It was midnight. Tom (had studied / had been studying) for four hours. No wonder he was getting tired. 6. Andy's father bought him a car because he (had been coming / had come) top in the final exam. 7. Clark went to hospital because he (had been cutting / had cut) his hand while he was mending a broken window. 8. Ann's mother shouted at her when she came home late because she (had worried / had been worrying) about her all evening. 9. I was very pleased when my daughter found my watch because I (had been looking / had looked) for it for hours. 10. Henry suddenly realized that the teacher was asking him a question. He couldn't answer because he (had been daydreaming / had daydreamed) for the last five minutes. 11. Robert wrote to the local newspaper about some rare insects which he (had been seeing / had seen) while he was walking in the woods. 12. Mark sent postcards to the new friends he (had made / had been making) while he was attending a language course.

Exercise 59. Используйте предложения в Past Perfect Continuous. Сделайте их отрицательными и вопросительными. Выполните перевод.

1. We (to wait) for her for a long time. 2. I (to feel) sick for weeks before I finally went to see the doctor. 3. When Frank got home, he found that his children (to do) their homework. 4. He (to try) to find a job for quite a long time. 5. Glen (to drive) for an hour when his car broke down. 6. We (to wait) for an hour when our train finally arrived. 7. Henry (to play) football for over ten years when he gave it up in 2008. 8. They (to live) in London for fifteen years when they moved to Paris last year. 9. She (to stand) there for nearly half an hour when she realized she was at the wrong bus stop.

Exercise 60. Поставьте глаголы в Past Perfect Continuous. Задайте вопросы к выделенной части предложений.

1. Jill (to paint) her room before her friends called in. 2. They (to try) to phone her all the weekend. 3. The Browns (to stay) at the Hilton because their friends couldn’t put them up. 4. Terry and Ellen (to go) to the theatre when I met them. 5. Greta (to look) through the “Vogue” magazine when Paul dropped in. 6. Peggy (to wait) for Daniel’s call that evening. 7. They (to walk) 3 kilometres an hour. 8. You (not to stand) there since 6 o’clock. 9. Jane (to study) English for 5 years before she visited England. 10. He (to run) in the park when I saw him.

Exercise 61. Найдите ошибки в предложениях и исправьте их.

1.I watch TV hardly ever before dinner.

2.Mr and Mrs Smith goes walking in summer.

3.What do you at weekends?

4.Never I have tea in the morning.

5.She is enough clever to answer all the questions.

6.Cathy arrives at work early than her colleagues.

7.A friend of mine often goes to work by foot.

8.Pam works as an actress; she's talented and too beautiful.

9.These newly married people look happily.

10.He usually drinks quickly his coffee.

UNIT 6

Модальные глаголы

Модальные глаголы – это глаголы, обозначающие не само действие, а отношение к нему говорящего:

He can speak three languages. Он может говорить на трёх языках.

Модальные глаголы в английском языке не имеют формы инфинитива, неличных форм на -ed, -ing, не принимают окончания -s, -es в 3-м лице единственного числа Present Indefinite, т.е. не спрягаются. Они образуют вопросительную и отрицательную формы без вспомогательного глагола. После модальных глаголов инфинитив другого глагола употребляется без частицы to (исключение – глагол ought to).

Can, could

Этот модальный глагол имеет две формы: can – для настоящего времени, could – для прошедшего. Употребляется

он:

1) для выражения возможности или способности совершения действия. В этом значении переводится как "мочь", "уметь":

She can speak English well Она может хорошо говорить по-

but she cannot write it at all. английски, но совсем не умеет писать.

2) для выражения разрешения совершить действие (в вопросительных и утвердительных предложениях):

3) для выражения запрета совершить действие, выраженного инфинитивом (только в отрицательных предложениях):

You can't speak at the lessons. На уроке разговаривать нельзя.

4) для выражения просьбы (в вопросительных предложениях):

Форма could употребляется для более вежливого обращения.

to be able to

Сочетание to be able + инфинитив с частицей to является синонимом модального глагола can для выражения

возможности или способности совершения действия:

Exercise 1. Заполните предложения глаголами can, can't, could или couldn't.

Example: I can stand on my head.

1.I ___ count to twenty in Italian.

2.Put up your hand if you ___ hear me.

3.There was a woman with a big hat in front of me. I ___ see a thing.

4.My mother ___ understand sign language.

5.When Mason was 7, he ___ swim like a fish.

6.We ___ all read and write.

7.When Lily was younger she ___ run very fast.

8.I ___ find my front door key last night.

Exercise 2. Закончите предложения, используя be able to.

Examples: Our baby will be able to walk in a few weeks. I was able to contact him at the office yesterday. She hasn't been able to dance since she had a car crash.

1.It was rather cheap. – I ___ buy it.

2.It took a long time, but in the end Frank ___ buy his own car.

3.I ___ come tomorrow. I'm afraid, I'm too busy.

4.Our teacher says we ___ speak English fairly well in a few months.

5.He ___ work since his illness.

6.Unfortunately we ___ get the tickets for the match yesterday.

Exercise 3. Составьте в парах краткие диалоги, используя глагол can / could и данные словосочетания.

Example: speak French – Can you speak French? Yes, I can. (No, I can’t.) Could you speak French when you were little? Yes, I could. (No, I couldn’t).

Exercise 4. Дайте отрицательные ответы и объясните причину.

Example: Can he come tomorrow? – He can’t come, because he is ill.

1.Can she forget the name of the street?

2.Can they find the rooms at the hotel?

3.Can they spend their holidays with us?

4.Can he go away?

5.Can the professor forget the title of the book?

6.Can you explain me what is going on?

7.Can we find the way?

8.Can they solve this problem?

9.Can he join the group?

Exercise 5. Выберите правильный вариант и ответьте на вопросы.

Examples: Bob can sing well, … (can he / can’t he)?

– Bob can sing well, can’t he? Yes, he can.

They couldn’t visit you, … (could they / couldn’t they)?

–They couldn’t visit you, could they? No, they couldn’t.

1.You can’t see flowers so early in spring, (can you /, can’t you)? 2. Mr. Brown can swim very well, (can he / can’t he)?

3.We can leave tomorrow, (can we / can’t we)? 4. You couldn’t come in time, (could you / couldn’t you)? 5. Ann could count very well when she was four, (could she / couldn’t she)? 6. The student couldn’t understand the question, (could he / couldn’t he)? 7. Mary can’t play the violin, (can she / couldn’t she)?