Материал: 1317
Has it stopped raining yet? I've written the letter but I haven't posted it yet.
Также обратите внимание на разницу между gone (to) и been (to):
gone – уехал и еще не вернулся |
been – был, ездил и вернулся: |
Jim is away on holiday. He has gone to Spain (он сейчас находится там или по пути туда).
Jane is back home from holiday now. She has been to Italy (была и вернулась).
Exercise 42. Составьте вопросы в Present Perfect.
1. John / leave? 2. the dogs / come back? 3. why / Mary / go home? 4. all those people / go home? 5. where / you / put the keys? 6. what / you / say to Mike? 7. we / pay? 8. you / hear the news? 9. Bill / phone? 10. the Sunday newspapers / arrive? 11. what / Barbara tell the police? 12. why / Andy and Sarah / bring the children? 13. the secretary from your father's office / telephone? 14. where / the family in the flat upstairs / go? 15. why / all the students in Mr Carter's class / have good knowledge in History?
Exercise 43. Выберите глаголы в нужной временной форме. Выполните перевод.
1. I (enjoyed / have enjoyed / enjoy) football ever since I was a schoolboy. 2. Nobody has been injured in the accident, (hasn't anybody / have they / has nobody)? 3. My brother (hasn't ever been / has never been / is never) interested in football. 4. I'd like to see Anna again. It's a long time since I (have last seen / last saw / last seen) her. 5. Greg's always thought of a little house of his own, (isn't he / has he / hasn't he)? 6. I've never (gone to / been in / been to) Benidorm. I don't even know where it is.
Exercise 44. Впишите в пропуски глаголы из скобок в Present Perfect или Past Simple. Сделайте перевод.
1.Mary … to Australia for a while, but she's back again now. (go)
2."Where's Ken?" – "He … out. He'll be back in about an hour." (go)
3.I did German at school but I … most of it. (forget)
4.I meant to phone Diane last night but I …. (forget)
5.Look! There's an ambulance over there. There … an accident. (be)
6.The police … three people but later they let them go. (arrest)
Exercise 45. Из слов в скобках составьте правильные предложения. Используйте полные формы отрицаний.
Example: (it / not / rain / this week) – It has not rained this week.
1.(the weather / be / cold / recently) – The weather _____ recently. 2. (it / cold / last week) – It _____ last week. 3. (I / not
/read / a newspaper yesterday) – I _____ a newspaper yesterday. 4. (I / not / read / a newspaper today) – I _____ a newspaper today. 5. (Ann / earn / a lot of money / this year) – Ann _____ this year. 6. (she / not / earn / so much / last year) – She _____
last year. 7. (you/ have / a holiday recently) – You _____ a holiday recently.
Exercise 46. Выберите правильный вариант. Сделайте перевод.
1. Have you (saw / seen) this film before? 2. Our football team (lost / has lost) all its games this year. It (lost / has lost) all its games last year too. 3. (Did youever drive / Have youever driven)a bus?4. My brother speaks good English, but he (has never had / never had) lessons. 5. (Did you see / Have you seen) Paul yesterday?' - 'No, but he (just phoned / has just phoned).' 6. Have you done the shopping (yet / yesterday)? 7. I started this job (for eight weeks / eight weeks ago / ago eight weeks). 8. (I'm / I've been) in this school (for / since) five years. 9. 'What time does the lesson start?' – ('It's already started.' / 'It already started.') 10. (I work / I'm working / I've been working) here since last summer. 11. 'Good news! John (passed / has passed) his exam.' – ('Has he got / Did he get) good marks?' 12. 'Mary (went / has gone) to London.' - 'When (did she leave? / has she left?)' 13. This house (has stood / been standing) here for 500 years.
Present Perfect Continuous
Во многих других иностранных языках существует четкая граница между часто употребляемыми временами и не очень часто встречающимися. В английском же таковой границы не существует, и нужно очень хорошо знать все времена, чтобы суметь грамотно выразить свою мысль. Например, простой вопрос “Как долго вы изучаете английский?” нужно переводить, используя именно это сложное время глагола: How long have you been learning English?
Теперь рассмотрим всё подробнее на следующем примере:
– Is it raining? – No, but the ground is wet. – It has been raining.
Have / has been raining – это Present Perfect Continuous. Вот как он образуется:
I / You / We / They |
have (I've) been doing, waiting |
He / She / It |
has (He's) been playing |
Present Perfect Continuous используется для обозначения действия, которое имело место в недалёком прошлом,
закончилось недавно или только что. Как у всех Perfect, должна быть обязательная связь с настоящим:
–You are out of breath. Have you been running?
–Paul is very tired. He's been working very hard. (он устал сейчас)
–Why are your clothes so dirty? What have you been doing?
–I've been talking to Carol about the problem and she thinks that...
Также действие может продолжаться до сих пор. Обращайте внимание на обстоятельства времени:
–How long have you been learning English? (действие продолжается до сих пор)
–Tim is still watching television. He's been watching television all day.
–Where have you been? I've been looking for you for half an hour.
–George hasn't been feeling well recently.
Сравните Present Continuous и Present Perfect Continuous:
I am doing.
Don't disturb me now. I'm working. We need an umbrella. It's raining. Hurry up! We are waiting.
I have been doing.
I've been working hard, so now I'm going to have a rest.
The ground is wet. It's been raining. We've been waiting for an hour.
Exercise 47. Используйте глаголы в Present Perfect или Present Perfect Continuous. Выполните перевод.
1. She's (lost / been losing) her purse. 2. Someone (has eaten / has been eating) the chocolates! They're nearly all gone! 3. I've (waited / have been waiting) for you for ages! Where have you been? 4. He's (crashed / been crashing) his father's car. He's awfully sorry. 5. How many exercises (have you done / have you been doing) today? 6. "Why are you so hot?" – "I've (played / been playing) squash." 7. I've (never read / never been reading) a better book in my life. 8. How long have you (known / been knowing) Julia and Tim? 9. They've (painted / been painting) the bedroom for a week. They'll finish it soon.
Exercise 48. Выберите глагол в Present Perfect Progressive.
1.How long have you learnt /been learning the piano?
2.Look!I have bought/ been buying a coat.
3.It has rained / been rainingsince Tuesday.
4.John has broken / been breakinghis leg.
5.He hasn't told / been telling me his address.
6.How long have we driven / been driving now?
7.Have you ever read / been reading this book?
8.Hello!I've waited / beenwaiting for you for hours!
9.How long have you played / been playing tennis?
10.We've lived / been living in London since January.
11.They've lived / been living in London all their lives.
12.My father has worked / been workinghere for 47 years.
13.I've worked / been workinghere for two weeks.
Exercise 49. Закончите предложения, используя глаголы в Present Perfect Progressive. Выполните перевод.
1. I’m tired. I (to play) tennis all afternoon. 2. The Smiths (to live) in Stratford for nearly three years now. 3. It’s time to do your homework. You (to watch) television since 10 o’clock! 4. A friend of mine (to learn) English for nearly four years, but she still doesn’t speak it very well. 5. It (to rain) all day. 6. Greg speaks French like a native. He (to learn) French since childhood. 7. They are nervous and angry. They (to wait) for a bus for over an hour. 8. We can’t drive a car today because of a snowstorm. It (to snow) since morning. 9. My feet are killing me. I (to do) the shopping all day. 10. Martin has bought a new computer. He (to save up) money for three years.
Exercise 50. Исправьте ошибки, если это необходимо.
1.All his friends have leave him.
2.You had a letter from your parents, haven't you?
3.We've had a lot of work for last month.
4.Look at Mike! He grew a beard!
5.It's already 10 o'clock and they didn't phone yet.
6.I've left my shopping bag on the train.
7.I can't remember when I've had this watch.
8.An elephant live in India and Africa.
Exercise 51. Закончите предложения, используя Present Perfect Progressive. Сделайте полученные предложения отрицательными и вопросительными.
1.George looks very tired. I think he (to work) too hard. 2. Kevin and Angela (to talk) to each other for more than a week.
3.There’s no need to apologise. We (to wait) here for ten minutes. 4. Unfortunately, I can play the piano as well as I used to. I (to practise) it for over five years. 5. I know Moscow well. I (to live) here for very long. 6. She (to read) a fascinating novel since 6 a.m. 7. I (to think) it over all night. 8. The Lloyds (to live) here for a long time. 9. Fred (to read) the paper since 5 o’clock. 10. Emma (to play) chess almost all her life.
Past Perfect
Существует и такое время в английском языке. Рассмотрите ситуацию:
Sarah went to a party last week. Paul went to the party too but they didn't see each other. Paul went home at 10.30 and Sarah arrived at 11 o'clock. So: When Sarah arrived at the party, Paul wasn't there. He had gone home.
Had gone – это и есть Past Perfect. Образуется он при помощи вспомогательного глагола to have в прошедшем времени had и 3-й формы глагола, т.е. если глагол правильный, мы добавляем стандартное окончание -(e)d, если же он неправильный – открываем таблицу неправильных глаголов и смотрим 3-й столбик (Past Participle).
I / we / you / they |
|
he / she / it |
had gone / seen / finished |
Употребляется Past Perfect преимущественно для того, чтобы показать, что какое-то действие произошло раньше другого действия. Обязательно должна быть некоторая точка для сравнения, будь то указание времени или другое действие, например:
When we got home last night, we found that somebody had broken into the flat.
Karen didn't want to come to the cinema with us because she had already seen the film.
At first I thought I'd done the right thing, but soon I realised that I'd made a serious mistake.
The man sitting next to me on the plane was very nervous. He hadn't flown before.
Если вы хорошо усвоили Present Perfect, то c Past Perfect у вас не должно возникнуть никаких проблем. Разница в том, что в Present Perfect законченное действие показано относительно точки во времени, которое условно можно назвать сейчас (now), а в Past Perfect все действия смещаются в прошлое. Эта точка будет уже другим действием или указанием времени. Сравните примеры:
Present Perfect:
Who is that woman? I've never seen her before.
We aren't hungry. We've just had lunch.
The house is dirty. They haven't cleaned it for weeks.
Past Perfect:
I didn't know who she was. I'd never seen her before.
We weren't hungry. We'd just had lunch.
The house was dirty. They hadn't cleaned it for weeks.
Exercise 52. Раскройте скобки, используя глаголы в Past Perfect. Переведите.
1. John (to go out) when I arrived in the office. 2. I (to save) my document before the computer crashed. 3. When they arrived we … already (to start) cooking. 4. He was very tired because he (not to sleep) well. 5. The train … just (to leave) when I arrived at the station. 6. She … just (to leave) the room when the police arrived. 7. I … just (to put) the washing out when it started to rain. 8. When he arrived at the theatre, the play (already to start). 9. As soon as they (to go), I went straight to bed. 10. I suddenly remembered that I (to forget) my keys. 11. When I came to the post office, it (already to close). 12. When Polly went back to the shop, they (to sell) the book she wanted.
Exercise 53. Закончите предложения, используя Past Perfect или Past Simple.
1. When Daniel (to come) in, we all (to know) where he (to be). 2. Hardly anyone (to come) to the party because Sue (to forget) to send the invitations. 3. Marco (to feel) very nervous when he first drove in Britain because he (not to drive) on the left before. 4. They waited until everyone (to be) ready and then they (to start) the meeting. 5. – (to arrive) you at the cinema in time for the film last night? – No, we (to be) late. By the time we (to get) there, it (already to begin). 6. I (to go) to Helen’s room and (to knock) at the door. There (to be) no answer. Either she (to go) out or she (not to want) to see anyone.
Exercise 54. Раскройте скобки, употребив глаголы в Past Perfect. Задайте вопросы к выделенным словам.
Выполните перевод.
1. When Scott arrived at the South Pole he realized that Amundsen (already to be) there. 2. Leo (to work) as a clerk before he started his own business. 3. Diana (never to be) to a jazz concert before, because she wasn’t keen on jazz music. 4. Bob (to know) his girlfriend for a year, before he asked her to marry him. 5. We (always to enjoy) entertainment programmes. 6. In London we (to stay) with our relatives till we found a suitable hotel. 7. I (never to see) Spielberg’s films before.
Exercise 55. Опровергните следующие предложения. Выполните их перевод.
1.They’d eaten everything by the time I arrived.
2.I wanted to introduce them but they’d known each other.
3.She was angry because she hadn’t caught the bus.
4.The class had started when I arrived.
5.The guests had left before she got home.
6.It was a film that we’d heard of.
Exercise 56. Задайте общие вопросы к следующим предложениям и дайте на них краткие ответы.
1.Before we had finished our meal, he ordered us back to work.
2.The sun hadn’t risen before they decided to set off.
3.Before we went home, we had finished our work.