2.I feel sure this is somebody else’s hat; it’s too small for me.
3.That man is probably an American.
4.I’m sure it’s going to rain.
5.I feel sure these are the papers he asked me for.
6.I am sure it is pleasant to live in such a beautiful flat.
7.It is probably a very complicated task.
8.You have probably heard the song before.
9.I feel sure there is a bend in the road right ahead of us.
10.These ancient buildings were probably erected about three hundred years ago.
Exercise 22. Перепишите предложения согласно образцу.
Example: He has probably missed the train. –
He must have missed the train.
1.I’m sure he has changed a great deal since his college days.
2.She has probably received the telegram in time.
3.I am certain the place looks lovely in spring.
4.He probably was out when you called.
5.They probably lost his address.
6.It seems certain that he dropped the parcel here.
7.I am sure he has reached home by now.
8.There is no doubt he invented the whole story.
9.I’m sure the man was handsome in his youth.
10.I am sure he found the documents.
11.There is no doubt they told a lie.
to be + Infinitive
Сочетание глагола to be с инфинитивом употребляется для выражения необходимости совершения действия в соответствии с предыдущей договорённостью или заранее намеченным планом. Переводится как "должен, должен был" и т.п.:
I was to meet her at 3 o'clock. Я должен был встретить её в 3 часа.
They are to begin this work |
Они должны начать работу |
at once. |
немедленно. |
Exercise 23. Ответьте на вопросы, используя модальный глагол to be. Подготовьте устный перевод.
Example: Why didn’t you go to the cinema with your parents? You wanted to go together. – I was to go to the cinema, but I was ill.
1. Why didn’t you come to Mary’s party? You wanted to come. 2. Why didn’t you work in the office on Saturday? You promised to help us. 3. Why didn’t you buy a new car? Yours is old. 4. Why didn’t you call Sally? She waited for you. 5. Why didn’t you finish the translation? You wanted to finish your work. 6. Why didn’t you help your parents in the garden? You promised to water the vegetables.
Exercise 24. Ответьте на вопросы, используя модальный глагол to be и фразы в скобках.
Example: Are you going to visit your uncle today? (but I was very busy) –
Yes, I am. I was to visit him yesterday, but I was very busy.
1.Are you going to buy vegetables today? (but I forgot)
2.Are you going to your English teacher? (I couldn’t)
3.Are you going to the dentist today? (I was afraid)
4.Are you going to bring your collection of coins to college? (I couldn’t find it)
5.Are you going to clean your room today? (I was very tired)
shall
Глагол shall выражает обещание, намерение, угрозу, предостережение:
He shall get his money.
The child shall be punished for it.
Он получит свои деньги.
Ребёнок будет наказан за это.
Глагол shall также выражает запрос относительно дальнейших действий: Shall we begin? – Нам начинать?
should
Глагол should в основном употребляется для выражения настоятельного совета, рекомендации:
You should see a doctor. Вам следует показаться врачу.
Exercise 25. Вставьте вместо пропусков глагол shall или should.
1.Everyone ... have the right to education.
2.Government officials ... be accountable to the people.
3.All people ... be equal in law.
4.With some exceptions Americans believe they ... be free to do pretty much as they please so long as they don’t hurt other people.
5.Americans believe that every citizen ... have an equal chance to influence government policy.
6.No one ... inform about the private life of any person.
Exercise 26. Дополните предложения, используя you should и данные выражения:
Buy a new pair of shoes, go on a diet, go to the bank, go to the post office, go to bed and take a nap, see a dentist, study harder.
Example: I want to mail a package. – You should go to the post office.
1.I’m gaining weight. My old clothes are too small for me.
2.My marks aren’t good. I have many “threes”.
3.I need some money.
4.My shoes have holes in the bottom.
5.I have a toothache.
6.I’m sleepy.
Exercise 27. Дополните предложения, используя should/shouldn’t.
1.Your plane leaves at 8:00. You … get to the airport by 7:00.
2.When you go to New York City, you … see a play on Broadway.
3.You … walk alone in city streets after midnight. It’s dangerous.
4.It’s raining. You … take your umbrella when you leave.
5.We … waste our money on things we don’t need.
6.Students … cut class.
7.Pupils … come to class every day.
8.Life is short. We … waste it.
9.Jimmy! You … pull the cat’s tail!
10.People … be cruel to animals.
Exercise 28. Дополните предложения, используя might, must, should. Возможны утвердительные и отрицательные варианты. В некоторых предложениях возможно использование нескольких глаголов.
1. Nancy said you didn't need to buy her anything for her birthday, but I really think you … at least get her some flowers or a nice bottle of wine. 2. Debbie said she was really busy this week, but I think she … show up at the party if she doesn't have to work overtime on Friday. 3. Nina said she would come over right after work, so she … be here by 6:00. 4. Oh my God, he's unconscious. Don't move him – he … have internal injuries. Somebody call an ambulance. 5. You … be kidding! That can't be true. 6. Dan: Where's the remote control? I want to change the channel. Fiona: I don't know. It … be under the couch. Or, perhaps I absent-mindedly took it into the kitchen. I'll check in there. 7. For most people, learning a language is a challenging undertaking. Experts agree that to make the most of your language learning experience, you … practice the language regularly and push yourself to maintain old vocabulary while acquiring new words and expressions. 8. New research suggests that exercise can reduce the chance of heart disease as well as cancer. That's why I told my father that he … start walking once a day. 9. We should invite Sally and her husband to come to the picnic on Saturday. We haven't seen them in weeks, and they … really enjoy a nice day at the beach. 10. Tim: While I was a student, I spent a year and a half studying Pygmy culture in the Central African Republic. My research focused on unique aspects of the their social structure and religion. Simona: That … have been absolutely fascinating! 11. We had better call Tony to see if he's at home before we go over to his house. He … be there and we don't want to drive all the way over there for nothing. 12. At first, my boss didn't want
to hire Sam. But, because I had previously worked with Sam, I told my boss that he … take another look at his resume and reconsider him for the position. 13. You … worry so much. It doesn't do you any good. Either you get the job, or you don't. If you don't, just apply for another one. Eventually, you will find work. 14. I would love to go on the cruise to Tahiti with Robin and Michelle. But such a luxurious trip … cost a fortune. I doubt I could afford something like that. 15. The book recommends adding fresh soil and using plant food to make your garden flowers grow. Since some people might be allergic to chemicals in artificial plant foods, the book says that you … use an organic brand to avoid skin irritations.
ought
Модальный глагол ought выражает моральную необходимость совершения действия. На русский язык обычно переводится словами должен, должен бы, следует, следовало бы. Имеет только форму настоящего неопределенного времени ought, т. е. форм прошедшего и будущего неопределенного времени не имеет.
После модального глагола ought смысловой глагол в неопределенной форме употребляется с частицей to:
I suppose I ought to confiscate it, but I hate to treat an officer in that way.
Я полагаю, мне следовало бы конфисковать это, но я терпеть не могу так обращаться с офицером.
Глагол ought в сочетании с перфектным инфинитивом указывает на то, что желаемое действие не было осуществлено в прошлом:
Не ought to have done |
Ему следовало бы сделать |
this work. |
эту работу. |
Модальный глагол ought может выражать:
1) моральный долг, обязательство:
I ought to pay our debts. Я должен оплатить наши долги.
She told him he ought not to Она сказала ему, что он не должен
have done it. был этого делать.
2) желательность, целесообразность ("вам следует/нужно"):
You ought to take care |
Тебе следовало бы позаботиться |
of yourself. |
о себе. |
You ought to see a doctor. |
Вам нужно обратиться к врачу. |
We really ought to buy |
Нам следовало бы купить новую |
a new car, oughtn’t we? |
машину, не так ли? |
3) вероятность, предположение ("должно быть", "наверное"):
You ought to be hungry by now. Вы, наверное, уже проголодались.
Apples ought to grow well here. Здесь должны хорошо расти яблоки.
He ought to be here by now. Он должен уже быть здесь к этому времени.
Модальный глагол ought to очень похож на should, так как употребляется в аналогичных случаях. Но should
употребляется чаще. Should, а не ought to употребляется в официальных объявлениях / заявлениях:
Candidates should be prepared to answer some questions.
Оught to употребляется для выражения действий в настоящем и будущем времени; также, если перед модальным глаголом идет смысловой глагол в прошедшем времени, то ought to в таком случае выражает прошедшее действие:
We ought to find the way out.
He said that we ought to find the way out.
Exercise 29. Раскройте скобки, употребив глагол в правильной временной форме. Выполните перевод.
1.They ought (to go) to school together.
2.The child ought (to take) care of the kitten.
3.You (not to ought) quarrel with your parents.
4.I (to ought) to start the project alone?
5.Who (ought to find) it out?
6.I thought we (to ought) to leave immediately.
7.I think you (to ought) to take part in the conference next year.
8.Where (we to ought) to look for that man?
9.You (to ought) never to talk to strangers.
10.My mother said that I (not to ought) to look for troubles.
Exercise 30. Исправьте ошибки, где это необходимо.
1.Mike oughts to know the truth.
2.We ought to ignore their offences.
3.Ought I to solve the problem?
4.You don't ought to dress up for this party.
5.Do we ought to write a report?
6.How ought I to get there?
7.Who oughts to take the responsibility?
8.I realized that I didn't ought to leave her alone.
9.The teacher said that the students ought to pass the test.
10.You oughtn`t to be so rude to women.