Материал: Гольцева О.Ю. Международное право в официальных документах. Под ред. И.А. Горшеневой

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erous official development assistance for countries committed to poverty reduction

Address the special needs of landlocked and small island developing States;

Deal comprehensively with developing countries' debt problems through national and international measures to make debt sustainable in the long term;

In cooperation with the developing countries, develop decent and productive work for youth;

In cooperation with pharmaceutical companies, provide access to affordable essential drugs in developing countries;

In cooperation with the private sector, make available the benefits of new technologies – especially information and communications technologies.

Exercise 8. Give a written translation of the following report. Which facts impressed you most?

1)Численность малоимущего населения в Африке увеличивается. Задача – сократить вдвое за период 1990–2015 годов долю населения, имеющего доход менее 1 долл. США в день.

2)Неудачи в борьбе с голодом превышают достижения. Конфликты и стихийные бедствия усугубляют нищету и голод. Задача – сократить вдвое за период 1990– 2015 годов долю населения, страдающего от голода.

3)Восемь из десяти детей, не посещающих школы, живут в странах Африки или в Южной Азии. Задачи – обеспечить, чтобы к 2015 году у детей во всем мире – как у мальчиков, так и у девочек – была возможность получать в полном объеме начальное школьное образование

4)B странах Африки к югу от Сахары и Южной Азии среди учащихся средней школы на 100 мальчиков приходится менее 80 девочек. Задача – ликвидировать, желательно к 2005 году, неравенство между полами в

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сфере начального и среднего образования, а не позднее, чем к 2015 году – на всех уровнях образования

5)Страны Африки продолжают лидировать по показателю смертности детей в возрасте до пяти лет. Задача – сократить на две трети за период 1990–2015 годов смертность среди детей и на ТРИ четверти за период 1990–2015 годов коэффициент материнской смертности

6)Масштабы распространения ВИЧ-инфекции в странах Африки сохраняются на высоком уровне, растет число новых больных. Малярия поражает беднейшие и наиболее беззащитные группы населения. Задача – остановить к 2015 году распространение ВИЧ/СПИДа, малярии и других основных болезней.

7)B мире, особенно там, где имеются тропические леса, происходит утрата лесного покрова. Энергопотребление и объем эмиссии углекислого газа увеличились. Продолжается исчезновение видов и среды обитания животных. Богатые страны производят наибольшее количество «парниковых газов». Задача – обратить вспять процесс истощения природных ресурсов.

8)Задача – Сократить вдвое к 2015 году долю населения, не имеющего постоянного доступа к чистой питьевой воде и основным санитарно-техническим средствам.

9)Темпы роста численности обитателей трущоб опережают темпы улучшения жизни в городских районах. Задача – к 2020 году обеспечить существенное улучшение жизни как МИНИМУМ 100 миллионам обитателей трущоб.

10)Задача – формирование глобального партнерства в целях развития.

11)Задача – удовлетворять особые потребности наименее развитых стран, не имеющих выхода к морю, и малых островных развивающихся государств.

12)Задача – в комплексе решать проблемы задолженности развивающихся стран.

13)Задача – разрабатывать и осуществлять стратегии, позволяющие молодым людям найти достойную и продук-

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тивную работу, т.к. безработица среди молодежи является потенциальным источником социальных беспорядков.

(Источник: Доклад об осуществлении целей в области развития, сформулированных в Декларации тысячелетия, за 2005 год)

Exercise 9. Summarize the information of the text.

By Richard Black, Environment correspondent, BBC News, Bonn.

The first round of UN climate talks since December's bitter Copenhagen summit opens in Bonn on Friday with the future of the process uncertain.

Developing countries are adamant that the UN climate convention is the right forum for negotiating a global deal and want it done by the year's end.

But others, notably the US, appear to think this is not politically feasible.

Some delegates are concerned that the whole process could collapse, given the divisions and lack of trust.

"There is the political will among developing countries. They are working for an agreement that includes further emissions reductions under the Kyoto Protocol," Martin Khor, executive director of the South Centre, an intergovernmental organization of developing countries, told the BBC.

"Whether there is political will among the industrialized countries is another matter," he said.

Developing nations have been pressing to agree a series of preparatory meetings this year – as many as five – in order that outstanding differences on the text of a new agreement can be worked out in time for the next major summit in Mexico, in November and December.

But delegates here said that richer countries were resisting this, holding out for just one more meeting before November, which would leave no chance of agreeing a new global treaty or even agreeing a framework.

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Analyses released since the end of the Copenhagen summit suggest that without further constraints soon, it will be very difficult to keep the rise in average global temperatures since pre-industrial times below 2C, a threshold commonly cited as indicating dangerous climate change.

Cross parties

The US, in particular, is in a sticky situation regarding domestic legislation.

An initial bill, introduced to the Senate last September, is widely seen as having no chance of passing.

A cross-party group of senators has been drawing up a new one, containing concessions to some states and industries.

But this version, if enacted, may reduce US emissions by considerably less than the 17 % figure (from 2005 levels by 2020) that President Barack Obama pledged when he addressed Copenhagen.

"There's considerable uncertainty about whether there is going to be a US domestic bill that follows through on the president's 17% commitment," said Alden Meyer, director of strategy and policy at the Union of Concerned Scientists (UCS).

"The administration is very sceptical about the ability to get a full-blown legal deal that replaces the Kyoto Protocol or builds on it".

BASIC instinct

Immediately after the Copenhagen summit, the US appeared to have formed a powerful new alliance with the BASIC group of countries – Brazil, China, India and South Africa – that steered through the controversial and weak Copenhagen Accord on the summit's final day.

There were signs that this group saw the accord, with its voluntary nature, as more attractive than the traditional negotiations and supposedly binding commitments of the UN process.

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Climate change – A pattern of change affecting global or regional climate as measured by yardsticks such as average temperature and rainfall, or an alteration in frequency of extreme weather conditions. This variation may be caused by both natural processes and human activity.

Global warming is one aspect of climate change.

However, the BASIC countries have now affirmed that the UN climate convention (UNFCCC) should be the sovereign body for international climate talks.

More than 120 countries have sent letters to the UNFCCC secretariat saying whether or not they endorse the accord.

A majority do endorse it, but many with the rider that they see it as just a political declaration leading to a fullblown treaty at some stage, and certainly not be a replacement for such a treaty.

Sources said the US was "bullying" small developing countries into endorsing the accord, claiming they would not be eligible for financial help from rich nations unless they did so.

Whereas this accusation appears to be straining relations that were already stretched, there are signs that the EU is preparing to give ground on one of the major demands of developing countries – that further emissions cuts for rich countries are made under the Kyoto Protocol.

In a strategy document released last week, the UK said it was prepared to consider the idea; and other EU leaders are also reportedly sympathetic.

"This is a pretty good first step," said Mr Khor. "It's not enough, but if more countries in the EU take this position, that could be the foundation of something that could be a salvation to this situation".

However, if the EU did formally move in this direction, it would put the bloc at odds with traditional allies such as the US, Canada and Japan.