Материал: Атлас Ханц фениш

382

Sense organs

1

Auditory ossicles (malleus, incus and stapes).

19

Incudomallear joint. Articulatio incudomal-

1

Ossicula auditoria (auditus). They operate col-

learis. Joint between the incus and malleus. It

lectively as a bent lever system transferring

occasionally exhibits an articular cavity. A

2

sound waves from the tympanic membrane to

20

Incudostapedial articulation. Articulatio in-

the inner ear.

cudostapedialis. Union between the lenticular

3

2 Stapes (stirrup). A stirrup-shaped auditory os-

process of the long crus of the incus and the

sicle. Its base is inserted into the fenestra vesti-

stapes. A

buli. A B

21

Tympanostapedial syndesmosis. Syndesmo-

4

3

Head of stapes. Caput stapedis. It lies opposite

sis tympanostapedialis. Connective tissue at-

the base of the stapes and articulates with the

taching the base of the stapes to the oval win-

5

lenticular process of the incus. A B

dow. It is broader anteriorly than posteriorly. B

4

Anterior

crus (limb.). Crus anterius. The vir-

22

Ligaments of auditory ossicles. Ligg. os-

6

tually straight anterior limb of the stapes. A B

siculorum auditoriorum.

23

Anterior ligament of malleus. Lig. mallei an-

5

Posterior crus (limb.). Crus posterius. The

terius. Ligament that arises from the anterior

7

more curved posterior limb of the stapes. A B

process of the malleus, lies in the anterior mal-

6

Base (footplate) of stapes. Basis stapedis. The

lear fold and extends as far as the petrotym-

8

plate of bone inserts into the fenestra vestibuli

panic fissure. D

(ovalis). A B

24

Superior ligament of malleus. Lig. mallei su-

7 Incus (anvil). The central ossicle situated be-

9

perius. It passes from the head of the malleus to

tween the head of the malleus and the head of

the roof of the epitympanic recess. C D

the stapes. A D

25

Lateral ligament of malleus. Lig. mallei

10

8

Body of incus. Corpus incudis. It articulates

laterale. It unites the neck of the malleus with

with the malleus by means of a saddle-shaped

the upper margin of the tympanic notch. C

11

joint. A

26

Superior ligament of incus. Lig. incudis su-

9

Long crus (limb.). Crus longum. Long process

perius. Courses approximately parallel to the

12

which projects almost vertically downward be-

superior ligament of the malleus and connects

hind the manubrium of the malleus with the

the body of the incus with the roof of the

lenticular process at its tip. A

epitympanic recess. C D

13

10

Lenticular process. Processus lenticularis. Small

27

Posterior ligament of incus. Lig. incudis post-

bony projection on the tip of the long crus. It ar-

erius. It passes from the short limb of the incus

14

ticulates with the stapes. A

to the lateral wall of the tympanic cavity. C D

11

Short crus (limb). Crus breve. Small posteri-

28

Stapedial membrane. Membrana stapedialis.

15

orly directed process attached to the incudal

Thin membrane between the limbs and base of

fossa by a ligament. A

the stapes. B

12

Malleus [[hammer]]. It lies between the tym-

29

Anular ligament of stapes. Lig. anulare stape-

16

panic membrane and the incus. A C

diale. Ligament situated between the base of

13

Handle

(manubrium) of malleus. Manu-

the stapes and the margin of the oval window. It

17

is broader anteriorly than posteriorly. B

brium mallei. Its outer surface is fused to the

tympanic membrane as far as the lateral

18

process. A

14 Head of malleus. Caput mallei. It has a convex

19

articular surface for accomodation of the body

of the incus. A

15 Neck of malleus. Collum mallei. Structure con-

20

necting the head and manubrium of the mal-

leus. A

21

16

Lateral process of malleus. Processus later-

alis. Short process that projects from the end of

22

the manubrium and produces the mallear

prominence. A

17

Anterior process of malleus. Processus ante-

23

rior. Long, very thin process. It extends into the

24

petrotympanic fissure in the newborn, but

diminishes in the adult. A

384

Sense organs

1

Muscles of auditory ossicles. Musculi os-

13

AUDITORY

1

siculorum auditoriorum. The following two

CHIAN) TUBE. Tuba auditoria (auditiva). Narrow

muscles are attached to the ossicles.

4 cm long, partly cartilaginous, partly bony tube

2

2

M. tensor tympani. Muscle located in the sem-

between the middle ear and the nasopharynx

icanal for the tensor tympani muscle above the

for aeration of the tympanic cavity. A C

auditory tube. Its tendon bends laterally around

14

Tympanic ostium of auditory tube. Ostium

3

the cochleariform process almost at a right

tympanicum tubae auditoriae. Opening of the

angle and inserts at the base of the manubrium

auditory tube on the anterior wall of the tym-

4

of the malleus. I: Mandibular nerve. A

panic cavity. It usually lies slightly above the

3

M. stapedius. Muscle that originates in a bony

floor of the tympanic cavity. A

5

canal on the posterior wall of the tympanic cav-

15

Osseous part of auditory tube. Pars ossea

ity. Its tendon passes through an opening at the

tubae auditoriae. Laterally and posterosuperi-

apex of the pyramid before inserting at the head

orly situated portion that involves about 1/3 of

6

of the stapes. By tilting the stapes, it exerts a

the tube’s length. It lies below the semicanal for

dampening effect on sound vibrations reaching

the tensor tympani muscle and emerges be-

the inner ear. I: Nerve to stapedius from the fa-

tween the carotid canal and the foramen spino-

7

cial nerve. B

sum. A

4

Mucous membrane of tympanic cavity. Tunica

16

Isthmus [tubae auditoriae]. Narrow portion of

8

mucosa cavitatis tympanicae. It consists of

the tube between the cartilaginous and bony

simple squamous and/or cuboidal epithelium

parts of the auditory tube. A

and a delicate vascular-rich lamina propria.

17

Air cells. Cellulae pneumaticae. Small fossae in

9

5

Posterior mallear fold. Plica mallearis poste-

the wall of the osseous part of the auditory tube.

rior. Fold extending from the base of the handle

A

10

of the malleus to the posterior, upper part of the

18

Cartilaginous part of auditory tube. Pars car-

tympanic ring. It contains the posterior portion

tilaginea [tubae auditoriae]. Located anterome-

of the chorda tympani. D

dially and has a length of about 2.5 cm. A

11

6

Anterior mallear fold. Plica mallearis anterior.

19

Cartilage of auditory tube. Cartilago tubae

Fold extending from the base of the manubrium

auditoriae. Hook-shaped in cross section. It be-

12

to the anterior, upper part of the tympanic ring.

comes lower lateroposteriorly and contains

It contains the anterior segment of the chorda

elastic cartilage only in the angle between the

tympani, the anterior process of the malleus

two cartilaginous laminae. A

13

and the anterior ligament of the malleus. D

20

Medial cartilaginous lamina. Lamina (car-

7 Fold of chorda tympani. Plica chordae tym-

tilaginis) medialis. Broad plate of cartilage. C

14

pani. Fold created by the chorda tympani on the

21

Lateral cartilaginous lamina. Lamina (car-

neck of the malleus between the two above-

tilaginis)

lateralis. Narrow anterolaterally

15

mentioned folds. D

directed plate of cartilage. C

7 a Recess of

tympanic

membrane. Recessus

22

Membranous lamina. Lamina membranacea.

membranae tympanicae. Mucosal pouch in the

Membranous portion of the wall of the car-

16

tympanic cavity.

tilaginous part of the auditory tube. A C

8

Anterior recess of tympanic membrane. Re-

23

Tunica mucosa. Mucous membrane of auditory

17

cessus [membranae tympani] anterior. Mucosal

tube lined by a simple ciliated epithelium. C

pouch between the anterior mallear fold and

24

Glands of auditory tube. Glandulae tubariae.

the tympanic membrane. D

18

Mucous glands especially in the cartilaginous

9

Superior recess of tympanic membrane

part of the tube. C

(Prussak’s

pouch).

Recessus [membranae

25 Pharyngeal opening of auditory tube. Ostium

19

tympani] superior. Recess bounded laterally by

pharyngeum tubae auditoriae. Funnel-shaped

the flaccid part of the tympanic membrane, me-

to slit-like opening above the levator eminence

dially by the head and neck of the malleus and

20

at the level of the inferior nasal meatus 1 cm

the body of the incus. D

lateral and anterior to the posterior wall of the

10

Posterior recess of tympanic membrane. Re-

pharynx. A

386

Sense organs

1

EXTERNAL EAR. Auris externa. The part of the

20

Cymba conchalis. Upper, slit-like part of the

1

ear consisting of the auricle (pinna) and exter-

concha between the crura of helix and anthelix.

nal acoustic meatus.

A

2

2

External acoustic (auditory) meatus (canal).

21

Cavity of concha. Cavitas (cavum) conchalis.

Meatus acusticus externus. Flat, partly car-

Main part of the concha located below the crus

3

tilaginous, partly bony, S-shaped canal about

of the helix and behind the tragus. A

2.4 cm long with a diameter of about 6 mm. C

22

Antitragus. Small tubercle present on the infe-

3

External opening of acoustic canal. Porus

rior continuation of the anthelix and separated

4

acusticus extrnus. C

from the tragus by the intertragic incisure. A D

3 a Tympanic notch. Incisura tympanica. Defect

23

Tragus. Flat projection in front of the external

5

between the greater and lesser tympanic

opening of the acoustic canal. A

spines. In the newborn, it is the superior gap be-

24

Anterior notch. Incisura anterior (auris). It lies

tween the still free ends of the tympanic ring.

between the tragus (supratragic tubercle) and

6

See p. 16.8

the crus of the helix. A

4

Cartilaginous part of external acoustic mea-

25

Intertragic incisure. Incisura intertragica.

7

tus. Meatus acusticus externus cartilagineus.

Notch between tragus and antitragus. A D

Lateral, cartilaginous third of the external

26

Auricular [[Darwin’s]] tubercle. [Tuberculum

8

acoustic meatus. C

auriculare]. It is occasionally present on the

5

Cartilage of external acoustic meatus. Car-

anterior margin of the helix from which it ex-

tilago meatus acustici. Together with the car-

tends posteroinferiorly. A

9

tilage of the pinna, it forms a groove that opens

27 Apex of auricle. [Apex auricularis]. Outer mar-

superiorly and posteriorly. D

gin of the auricular cartilage (helix) which,

10

6

Incisurae cartilaginis meatus acustici. Two

when present, projects backward, upward and

fissures in the cartilage of the external acoustic

outward. B

meatus. They are bridged by connective tissue

28 Posterior auricular sulcus. Sulcus auricularis

11

and are usually directed anteriorly. D

posterior. Shallow indentation between the an-

7 Lamina tragi. Lateral part of the meatal car-

titragus and anthelix. A

12

tilage. It lies in front of the external opening of

29

Supratragic tubercle. [Tuberculum supratragi-

the acoustic meatus. D

cum]. Small tubercle occasionally present at the

13

8

Auricle (Pinna). Auricula. A B

upper end of the tragus. A

14

10

Auricular cartilage. Cartilago auricularis.

Structural framwork of the pinna consisting of

15

elastic cartilage. D

11 Helix. External, curved margin of the auricle. A

16

B C D

12

Crus of helix. Crus helicis. Site of origin of the

17

helix in the cavity (concha) of the auricle. A B D

13

Spine of helix. Spina helicis. Small, forward-

projecting cartilaginous prominence on the

18

crus helices. D

14 Tail of helix. Cauda helicis. Posterior, inferior

19

end of the helix separated from the antitragus

by an indentation. D

20

15

Antihelix [[anthelix]]. Arched projection located

in front of the posterior part of the helix. A B C D

16

Tringular fossa. Fossa triangularis. Antero-

21

superiorly located fossa enclosed by the two

crura of the anthelix. A D

22

17

Crura of anthelix (antihelix). Crura antheli-

cis. Formed by the bifurcation of the anthelix

23

superiorly, the two crura form the boundary of

the triangular fossa. A D

24

18 Scaphoid fossa. Scapha. Narrow fossa situated

posteriorly between the helix and anthelix. A D