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												Urogenital system		155
			10											23
			10		10									23			1


4			17		17												2
																	2

	18				5												3
					5

					8
					8
					21					23					22		4
	19			6	7												4
				6	7												5
					20
	20

													22				6
4													22				6
4


					11									24			7



		Kidney segments,						Kidney segments				Schema					8
A		Kidney segments,					B	Kidney segments			C	Schema					8
		anterior view						posterior view				of a nephron
		anterior view						posterior view				of a nephron					9
																	9
	12		8	15	7

																	10
						14											10


																	11
	14
																	12




																	13
																	14
																	14


																	15

	13 12												26

			15
			15	9									36				16
				9													16
D	Cross-section through									28
D	Cross-section through									28
		kidney in situ														15	17
																	17



																	18
										156.15				31

																	19

	37
	37

									38								20
														30

									39								21
																	21
																29a

																	22
																	22


										34							23
										34
										32			33				24
																	24
E		Glomerulus, semischematic								F Section of left kidney
E		Glomerulus, semischematic								F Section of left kidney

	156			Urogenital system
			1 Renal arteries. Arteriae renales.				20	Abdominal part of ureter. Pars abdominalis.
1			1 Renal arteries. Arteriae renales.				20	Abdominal part of ureter. Pars abdominalis.
1		2		Interlobar arteries. Arteriae interlobares. Ar-				Part of ureter that extends from the renal pel-
		2		Interlobar arteries. Arteriae interlobares. Ar-				vis to the terminal line of the pelvis.
2				teries that run between the pyramids. B				vis to the terminal line of the pelvis.
				teries that run between the pyramids. B			21	Pelvic part of ureter. Pars pelvica. Part of ure-
		3		Arcuate arteries. Arteriae arcuatae. Arising			21	Pelvic part of ureter. Pars pelvica. Part of ure-
		3		Arcuate arteries. Arteriae arcuatae. Arising				ter that extends from the terminal line to the
				from the interlobar	arteries,	they take an		ter that extends from the terminal line to the
				from the interlobar	arteries,	they take an		urinary bladder.
3				arched course along the medullo-cortical				urinary bladder.
3				arched course along the medullo-cortical			22	Tunica adventitia. Superficial connective
				border. B			22	Tunica adventitia. Superficial connective
4		4		Interlobular arteries. Arteriae interlobulares.				tissue which unites the ureter with the sur-
		4		Interlobular arteries. Arteriae interlobulares.				rounding tissues and permits ureteral mobil-
				Radially oriented branches of the arcuate arter-				rounding tissues and permits ureteral mobil-
				Radially oriented branches of the arcuate arter-				ity. C
5				ies lying between two medullary rays. B				ity. C
				ies lying between two medullary rays. B			23	Tunica muscularis. Muscular layer in the wall
		5		Afferent glomerular arteriole. Arteriola glomeru-			23	Tunica muscularis. Muscular layer in the wall
		5		Afferent glomerular arteriole. Arteriola glomeru-				of the ureter. C
				laris afferens (vas afferens). Arteriole arising				of the ureter. C
				laris afferens (vas afferens). Arteriole arising			24	Tunica mucosa. Mucous membrane lined by
6				from an interlobular artery and entering a renal			24	Tunica mucosa. Mucous membrane lined by
				corpuscle where it subdivides to form the capil-				transitional epithelium with underlying con-
				lary tuft (glomerulus). B				nective tissue. C

7
7	6			Efferent glomerular arteriole. Arteriola glomeru-			25	Urinary bladder. Vesica urinaria. Receptacle
	6			Efferent glomerular arteriole. Arteriola glomeru-			25	Urinary bladder. Vesica urinaria. Receptacle
				laris efferens (vas efferens). Arteriole leaving				that holds about 350−500 ml or more of
8				the glomerulus and forming a capillary net-				urine. D
				work between the convoluted tubules. B			26	Apex of urinary bladder. Apex vesicae (vesi-
				work between the convoluted tubules. B			26	Apex of urinary bladder. Apex vesicae (vesi-
9	7			Capsular branches. Rami capsulares. Small ar-				calis). Anterosuperiorly directed apical portion
				teries passing from the cortex to the capsule. B				of urinary bladder. D
	8			Straight arterioles.	Arteriolae rectae (vasa		27	Body of urinary bladder. Corpus vesicae. Por-
10	8			Straight arterioles.	Arteriolae rectae (vasa		27	Body of urinary bladder. Corpus vesicae. Por-
10				recta). Straight vessels coursing from the effer-				tion of the urinary bladder situated between
				recta). Straight vessels coursing from the effer-				tion of the urinary bladder situated between
				ent glomerular arterioles to the capillary net-				the fundus and apex. D
11				ent glomerular arterioles to the capillary net-				the fundus and apex. D
11				work of the tubules or coming from the arcuate			28	Fundus of urinary bladder. Fundus vesicae.
				arteries into the medulla. B				Posterior wall of the urinary bladder lying op-
				arteries into the medulla. B				Posterior wall of the urinary bladder lying op-
12	9			Renal veins. Venae renales.				posite to the apex, specifically in its lower
12	9			Renal veins. Venae renales.				segment between the ureters. D
	10			Interlobar veins. Venae interlobares. Veins				segment between the ureters. D
	10			Interlobar veins. Venae interlobares. Veins			29	Cervix (neck) or urinary bladder. Cervix ves-
13				coming from the periphery between the renal			29	Cervix (neck) or urinary bladder. Cervix ves-
13				pyramids. B				icae. The urethra arises from it. D
				pyramids. B				icae. The urethra arises from it. D
		11 Arcuate veins. Venae arcuatae. Veins that run					30	Median umbilical ligament. Lig. umbilicale
14		11 Arcuate veins. Venae arcuatae. Veins that run					30	Median umbilical ligament. Lig. umbilicale
14				an arched course along the corticomedullary				medianum. Fibrous cord derived from the ura-
				border. B				chus; it extends from the apex of the bladder
15	12			Interlobular veins.	Venae	interlobulares.		to the umbilicus. D
15	12			Interlobular veins.	Venae	interlobulares.	31	Urachus. Connecting passage between the
				Lobular veins corresponding to the interlobular
				Lobular veins corresponding to the interlobular
16				arteries. B				cloaca and allantois present only during
16		13 Straight venules. Venulae rectae. Fine veins in						embryonic development.
		13 Straight venules. Venulae rectae. Fine veins in
				the medullary substance which open into the
17				the medullary substance which open into the
17				arcuate veins. B

14 Stellate venules. Venulae stellatae. Veins form-

18ing a stellate network beneath the capsule and emptying into the interlobular veins. B

1915 Renal pelvis. Pelvis renalis. Funnel-shaped beginning of the ureter occupying the renal hilum. A

2016 Renal calices. Calices renales. More or less long tubular processes of the renal pelvis that drain

21the renal papillae. A

17 Major calices of kidney. Calices renales ma-

22jores. Two to three primary tubular diverticula of the renal pelvis. A

2318 Minor calices of kidney. Calices renales minores. Seven to 13 calices formed by further division of the major calices. Each receives a renal

24papilla. A

19 Ureter. Excretory duct of the kidney situated

25retroperitoneally. It connects the renal pelvis with the urinary bladder. A C

Urogenital system 157

16		18		7		14
				7



17		16
		16
					6
17				5
17				5
15
17				4			12
17							12

					8


19				3	3
				3


					11		13
A	Left renal pelvis, frontal view				11		13
A	Left renal pelvis, frontal view
22		10		2				8
								8


				Renal vessels, schematic

			B

C Cross section of ureter

	Urinary bladder, sagittal section	23
D	Urinary bladder, sagittal section	23

		24


		25

158			Urogenital system
		1	Tunica serosa. Peritoneal covering of the uri-	24	Tunica albuginea. Tough connective tissue cap-
1		1	Tunica serosa. Peritoneal covering of the uri-	24	Tunica albuginea. Tough connective tissue cap-
1			nary bladder. C		sule of the testis. D
	2		Tela subserosa. Connective tissue layer 25		Mediastinum testis. Connective tissue mass
2	2		Tela subserosa. Connective tissue layer 25		Mediastinum testis. Connective tissue mass
2			beneath the serosa of the urinary bladder. C		projecting into the interior of the testis from the
	3		Tunica muscularis. Entire musculature of the		posterior margin of the tunica albuginea. D
	3		Tunica muscularis. Entire musculature of the		posterior margin of the tunica albuginea. D
3			urinary bladder with the following four parts.	26	Septa of testis. Septula testis. Connective tissue
		4 Detrusor muscle of bladder. Musculus detru-			partitions radiating out from the mediastinum
		4 Detrusor muscle of bladder. Musculus detru-			to the tunica albuginea. D E
4			sor vesicae. True musculature of the wall of		to the tunica albuginea. D E
			sor vesicae. True musculature of the wall of	27	Lobules of testis. Lobuli testis. Compartmental-
			the bladder. It consists of an inner and outer	27	Lobules of testis. Lobuli testis. Compartmental-
			longitudinal layer as well as a middle circular		ized lobules of testicular parenchyma formed by
5			layer. B C		the septa. D E

5M. pubovesicalis. Smooth muscle extending 28 Parenchyma testis. Specific testicular tissue

6		from the lower portion of the pubic symphysis		made up of seminiferous tubules. D
6		to the neck of the bladder. A	29	Convoluted seminiferous tubules. Tubuli sem-
		to the neck of the bladder. A	29	Convoluted seminiferous tubules. Tubuli sem-
	6	M. rectovesicalis. Smooth muscle passing from		iniferi contorti. Tortuous testicular tubules
7	6	M. rectovesicalis. Smooth muscle passing from		iniferi contorti. Tortuous testicular tubules
7		the longitudinal musculature of the rectum to		which occupy the lobules of the testis. E
		the lateral base (fundus) of the bladder. A	30	Straight seminiferous tubules. Tubuli semi-
8	7	M. rectourethralis. Smooth muscle extending		niferi recti. Short straight tubules extending
		from the longitudinal muscules of the rectum to		from the convoluted seminiferous tubules to the
		the urethra in males. See p. 126.22 A		rete testis. E
9		the urethra in males. See p. 126.22 A		rete testis. E
9	8	Tela submucosa. Connective tissue layer	31	Rete testis. Network of canals within the medi-
	8	Tela submucosa. Connective tissue layer	31	Rete testis. Network of canals within the medi-
		beneath the mucosa of the bladder. It is absent in		astinum testis. Lined by simple cuboidal
		beneath the mucosa of the bladder. It is absent in		astinum testis. Lined by simple cuboidal
10		the trigone. C		epithelium, they connect the straight seminifer-
	9	Tunica mucosa. Mucous membrane of the uri-		ous tubules with the efferent ductules. E
	9	Tunica mucosa. Mucous membrane of the uri-		ous tubules with the efferent ductules. E
11		nary bladder. It is lined by transitional	32	Efferent ductules of testis. Ductuli efferentes
11		nary bladder. It is lined by transitional		testis. 10−12 ductulus between the rete testis
		epithelium. C		testis. 10−12 ductulus between the rete testis
		epithelium. C		and the duct of the epididymis. D E
	10	Trigone of bladder. Trigonum vesicae. Triangu-
12

		lar region between the openings of the ureters
		lar region between the openings of the ureters
		and the exit site of the urethra. Here the mucosa
13		and the exit site of the urethra. Here the mucosa
13		is firmly united with the muscularis and con-
		sequently there are no folds. B
		sequently there are no folds. B
14	11	Interureteric ridge. Plica interureterica. Trans-
14		verse mucosal fold between the two ureteric
		verse mucosal fold between the two ureteric
		openings. B
15		openings. B
15	12	Ostium ureteris. Slit-like opening of the ureter.
		B
16		B
16	13	Ostium urethrae internum. Initial portion of
		the urethra at the anterior apex of the trigone. B
		the urethra at the anterior apex of the trigone. B
17	14	Uvula of bladder. Uvula vesicae. Sagittal ridge
		located behind the urethral opening and above
		the middle lobe of the prostate. B
18		the middle lobe of the prostate. B
18	15	INTERNAL MALE GENITALIA: Organa genitalia
		masculina interna.
19		masculina interna.
19	16	Testis (Orchis). It measures about 5 cm in
		length. D E
20	17	Superior end of testis. Extremitas superior. D
	18 Inferior end of testis. Extremitas inferior. D
	18 Inferior end of testis. Extremitas inferior. D
21	19	Lateral, flattened surface of testis. Facies later-
		alis. D
		alis. D
22	20	Medial, flattened surface of testis. Facies me-
		dialis. D
	21 Anterior, free margin of testis. Margo anterior.
23	21 Anterior, free margin of testis. Margo anterior.
23		D
24	22 Posterior margin of testis. Margo posterior, at-
24		tached to a serous reflected fold. D

23 Tunica vaginalis testis. Serous covering of the

25testis formed developmentally by the vaginal process of the peritoneum. See also p. 162.1−6

Urogenital system 159

A Muscles of neck of urinary bladder

4

		2


		1
	C	Wall of urinary bladder
		32
			17
					24
			27



		25
160.1		25
160.1		22		26
			28		21
					21

					19

D Testicle and epididymis

				14	8
				14
			13
			13		9
					9


					10


					11


					12


	Urinary bladder and prostate,				13
B	Urinary bladder and prostate,				13
	opened, frontal view
					14


					15


					16


		26			17
30		26
			29
					18




					19
31			27

					20
					20
30

					21
					21


26					22

E Testicle, schematic

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