Материал: Атлас Ханц фениш

120

Digestive system

DIGESTIVE TRACT (ALIMENTARY CANAL). 20

Angular

notch. Incisura angularis. Radio-

1

1

[[Canalis alimentarius]].

graphically evident notch at the deepest point of

2

2

ESOPHAGUS. Oesophagus. 23−26 cm long pas-

the lesser curvature. D

sage extending from below the cricoid cartilage

21

Cardiac part of stomach. Pars cardiaca. The

at the level of C6 to the cardiac part of the

portion of the stomach into which the

3

stomach. A B

esophagus opens. D

3

Cervical part. Pars cervicalis. The segment of

22

Cardiac

orifice. Ostium cardiacum (cardia).

4

the esophagus situated in front of the cervical

Opening of the esophagus into the cardiac

vertebral column (from C6−T1). A

stomach. D

4 Thoracic part. Pars thoracica. The portion of

23 Fundic stomach. Fundus gastricus (ventricu-

5

the esophagus extending from T1 to the pas-

laris). Fundus (dome) of the stomach located

sageway through the diaphragm (about T11). A

beneath the diaphragm. D

5 Abdominal part. Pars abdominalis. The short

6

23 a Fornix of stomach. Fornix gastricus (ventricu-

esophageal segment between the diaphragm

and the stomach. A

laris). Forms the upper boundary of the lower

diaphragm.

7

6

Tunica adventitia. Loose connective tissue in-

24

Cardiac notch. Incisura cardiaca. Acute angle

vestment which binds the esophagus to the

between the esophagus and the stomach wall. D

8

surrounding tissues and permits its movement.

C

25

Body of stomach. Corpus gastricum (ventricu-

7 Tunica muscularis. Two layers of muscle, inner

lare). Portion of stomach situated between the

9

circular and outer longitudinal, occupying the

cardia/fundus and pylorus. D

esophageal wall and consisting of skeletal

26

Gastric canal. Canalis gastricus (ventricularis).

10

muscle in the upper third, smooth muscle in

Channel formed by the longitudinal mucosal

the lower third. C

folds along the lesser curvature of the stomach.

8

Cricoesophageal tendon. Tendo cricoe-

D

11

sophageus. Tendon that attaches the longitudi-

27 Pyloric part of stomach. Pars pyloricum. Distal

nal muscle fibers of the esophagus to the poste-

segment of the stomach beginning with the

12

rior wall of the cricoid cartilage. B

angular notch and ending with the pylorus. D

9

Bronchoesophageal muscle. M.

bronchoe-

28

Pyloric antrum. Antrum pyloricum. Initial seg-

sophageus. Smooth muscle fibers from the left

13

ment of the pyloric stomach beginning at the

main bronchus to the esophagus. B

angular notch. It may be temporarily closed off

10

Pleuroesophageal muscle. M. pleuroe-

from the rest of the gastric lumen during the

14

sophageus. Smooth muscle tract between the

passage of a peristaltic wave. D

esophagus and the left mediastinal pleura. B

29

Pyloric canal. Canalis pyloricus. Lower termi-

15

11

Tela submucosa. Movable layer between the

nal segment of the stomach, about 2−3 cm long.

muscularis and mucosa consisting

predomi-

D

16

nantly of collagenous connective tissue with

blood vessels, nerves and glands. C

20

cosa. C

3

12

4

2

13

4

14

11

5

6

5

7

7

15

8

6

9

Esophagus and stomach

Microscopic cross-section

A

C

10

of esoghagus

8

11

23

12

24

13

16

14

21

22

15

16

122.12

9

17

10

19

26

25

18

27

20

19

20

28

18

21

29

16

22

23

24

B

Esophagus from behind

D Stromach from front right

122

Digestive system

Pylorus. Distal end of the stomach reinforced by

20

SMALL INTESTINE. Intestinum tenue. It com-

1

1

a strong band of circular muscle. A

prises the duodenum, jejunum and ileum.

2

2

Pyloric opening. Ostium pyloricum. Lumen of

21

Tunica serosa. Peritoneal covering containing

the pylorus connecting the stomach with the

simple squamous epithelium. F

duodenum. A

22

Tela subserosa. Connective tissue underlying

3

3

Serous membrane. Tunica serosa. Serous, peri-

the serosa. F

toneal covering containing simple squamous

23

Tunica muscularis. Two principal muscle layers

4

epithelium. B

of the intestinal wall. F

4

Tela subserosa. Connective tissue component

24

Longitudinal

layer.

Stratum longitudinale.

of the serosa underlying the epithelium. B

Outer layer of longitudinally coursing muscle

5

5

Tunica muscularis. Muscular coat of the

fibers. F

stomach comprised of three types of fibers

25

Circular layer. Stratum circulare. Inner layer of

6

(longitudinal, circular, oblique). A B

circularly coursing muscle fibers. F

6

Longitudinal layer. Stratum longitudinale. Ex-

26

Tela sumucosa. Displaceable layer between the

7

ternal layer of longitudinal muscle fibers sit-

muscularis mucosae and the muscularis con-

uated primarily along the greater and lesser cur-

sisting primarily of collagenous connective

vatures. A B

tissue bearing blood vessels and nerves. F

8

7

Circular layer. Stratum circulare. Middle layer

27

Tunica mucosa. Intestinal mucous membrane

of circular muscle. A B

consisting of simple columnar epithelium, con-

9

8

Pyloric sphincter. M. sphincter pyloricus. Thick

nective tissue (lamina propria) and muscularis

layer of circular muscle around the pylorus. A

mucosae.

28

Lamina muscularis mucosae. Layer of smooth

10

9

Oblique fibers. Fibrae obliquae. Inner layer of

muscle between the lamina propria and submu-

obliquely coursing fibers of the tunica muscu-

cosa. Its action produces folds in the mucosa. F

11

laris. A B

29

Circular folds [Valves of

Kerckring]. Plicae

10

Tela submucosa. Displaceable layer between

circulares. Permanent folds of mucosa and sub-

the muscularis mucosae and the muscularis; it

12

mucosa spanning nearly 2/3 of the intestinal

is composed primarily of collagenous connec-

lumen and projecting up to 8 mm high, perpen-

tive tissue bearing vessels and nerves. B

dicular to the intestinal axis. E F

13

11

Tunica mucosa. Gastric mucous membrane

30

Intestinal villi. Villi intestinales. Fingerlike pro-

consisting of simple columnar epithelium, con-

jections about 0.5−1.5

mm in length. F

14

nective tissue (lamina propria) and muscularis

31

Intestinal glands. Gll. intestinales. Cryptlike

mucosae. B

12

Gastric folds. Plicae gastricae. Mucosal folds

glands. F

15

32

Solitary lymphatic follicles. Folliculi lym-

extending primarily in a longitudinal direction.

See p. 121 D

phatici solitarii. Solitary lymphatic nodules in

the lamina propria (p. 405.42) F

16

13

Lamina muscularis mucosae. Layer of smooth

33

Aggregated

lymphatic

follicles [[Peyer’s

muscle between the lamina propria and the

patches]]. Folliculi lymphatici aggregati. Aggre-

submucosa. Its contraction produces folds in the

17

gation of several lymphatic nodules in the

mucosa. B

14

Gastric (mamillated) areas. Areae gastricae.

ileum.

20

of glands. B C D

124

Digestive system

DUODENUM. Initial segment of the small in-

19

Ileocecal valve. Valva ileocaecalis (Valva ilealis).

1

1

testine, about 25−30 mm long, between the py-

Two-lipped valve at the entrance of the ileum

2

lorus and the duodenojejunal flexure. A

into the large intestine. D

2

Superior part. Pars superior. Horizontal begin-

19 a

Papilla ilealis. B

ning part of the duodenum. A

20

Opening of ileocecal valve. Ostium valvae

3

3

Ampulla [[bulbus duodeni]]. Functional dilata-

ilealis. Transverse, slitlike aperture of ileum at

entrance into the large intestine in the cadaver.

tion at the beginning of the duodenum. It is

4

briefly visible in radiograms. A

D

4

Descending part. Pars descendens. Lateral, ver-

21

Frenulum valvae ilealis. Fold formed by the

tical segment. A

union of the lips of the ileocecal valve. B D

5

5

Horizontal (inferior) part. Pars horizontalis

21 a Ostium papillae ilealis. B

(inferior). Horizontal segment below the head

22

Vermiform appendix. Appendix vermiformis.

6

of the pancreas. A

Appendage of the cecum, usually 9 cm long,

6

Ascending part. Pars ascendens. Segment of

with abundant lymphatic tissue. B C D

23

Ostium appendicis vermiformis. Opening of

7

duodenum lying to the left of the head of the

pancreas and ascending up to the duodenoje-

vermiform appendix into the cecum. D

junal flexure. A

24

Aggregated lymphatic nodules of ver-

8

7

Superior duodenal flexure. Flexura duodeni

miform appendix. Folliculi lymphatici aggre-

superior. Flexure between the superior and

gati appendicis vermiformis. Lymphatic tissue

9

horizontal parts of the duodenum medial to the

within the wall of the appendix.

gallbladder. A

25

COLON. Portion of large intestine extending

8 Inferior duodenal flexure. Flexura duodeni in-

from the ileocecal valve to the rectum.

10

26

Ascending colon. Colon ascendens. Segment of

ferior. Flexure between the descending and

horizontal parts of the duodenum. A

large intestine ascending retroperitoneally on

11

9

Duodenojejunal flexure. Flexura duodenoje-

the right side. C

27

Right colic flexure. Flexura coli dextra. Flexure

junalis. Flexure between the duodenum and je-

junum. A

between the ascending and transverse colon. C

12

10

Suspensory muscle of duodenum. M. suspen-

28 Transverse colon. Colon transversum. Trans-

verse segment of large intestine situated in-

sorius duodeni. Bundle of smooth muscle which

13

traperitoneally between the right and left colic

attaches the duodenojejunal flexure to the dia-

phragm or to the celiac trunk. A

flexures. C

14

11

Longitudinal folds of duodenum. Plicae longi-

29 Left colic flexure. Flexura coli sinistra. Flexure

between the transverse and descending colon

tudinales duodeni. Longitudinal mucosal folds

below the left subphrenic space. In its vicinity

15

on the left side of the posterior wall of the de-

lies Cannon-Böhm’s ring, the boundary be-

scending part of the duodenum produced by the

pancreatic and bile ducts. A

tween the cranial (vagus nerve) and sacral para-

16

sympathetics. C

12

Greater duodenal papilla. Papilla duodeni

30 Descending colon. Colon descendens. Segment

major. Elevation at the end of the longitudinal

of large intestine extending retroperitoneally on

17

fold at the openings of the common bile duct

the left side between the left colic flexure and

and pancreatic duct. A

sigmoid colon. C

13

Lesser duodenal papilla. Papilla duodeni

18

31

Sigmoid colon. Colon sigmoideum. Portion of

minor. Elevation located superior to the greater

duodenal papilla, usually at the opening of the

colon lying intraperitoneally between the de-

scending colon and the rectum. C

19

accessory pancreatic duct. A

32

Semilunar folds of colon. Plicae semilunares

14

Duodenal glands [[Brunner’s glands]]. Glan-

coli. Crescentic contraction folds between two

20

dulae duodenales. Mucous glands located pre-

haustra comprising all layers of the intestinal

dominantly in the submucosa of the duodenum.

wall. C D

15

JEJUNUM. Middle segment of the small in-

33

Haustra (sacculationes) coli. Outpocketings

21

testine. It extends about 2.5 meters from the

between two semilunar folds. C D

duodenojejunal flexure. A C

34

Appendices epiploicae (omentales). Serosa-

22

16

ILEUM. Terminal segment of small intestine,

covered appendages containing adipose tissue,

about 3.5 mm long. C

located on the free and omental tenia. C