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	110		Digestive system
			Major salivary glands. Glandulae salivariae		21 Root of tooth. Radix dentis. Portion of the
1		1
		1
			majores.			tooth covered by cementum. E
2		2	Sublingual gland. Glandula sublingualis. Pre-		22	Apex of root of tooth. Apex radicis dentis. E
2			dominantly mucous gland situated on the my-		23 Clinical root. Radix clinica. Portion of the tooth
			lohyoid muscle diaphragma oris. It contains			situated below the gum. C
3			several drainage ducts. D			situated below the gum. C
			several drainage ducts. D		24	Occlusal (masticatory) surface. Facies oc-
		3	Major sublingual duct. Ductus sublingulis		24	Occlusal (masticatory) surface. Facies oc-
		3	Major sublingual duct. Ductus sublingulis			clusalis (masticatoria) dentis. B E
4			major. Main drainage duct of the sublingual		25 Vestibular (facial) surface. Facies vestibularis
			gland. It opens at the sublingual caruncle next		25 Vestibular (facial) surface. Facies vestibularis
			gland. It opens at the sublingual caruncle next			(facilis) dentis. Tooth surface facing the vesti-
			to the submandibular duct. D			(facilis) dentis. Tooth surface facing the vesti-
						bule. D G

5	4		Minor sublingual ducts. Ductus sublinguales
5	4		Minor sublingual ducts. Ductus sublinguales		25 a Buccal surface. Facies buccalis dentis. Tooth
			minores. About 40 small ducts that drain the			surface facing the cheek.
			minores. About 40 small ducts that drain the
6			sublingual gland and open along the sublingual
			sublingual gland and open along the sublingual		25 b Labial surface. Facies		labialis	dentis. Tooth
			fold and the sublingual caruncle. D		25 b Labial surface. Facies		labialis	dentis. Tooth
		5	Submandibular gland. Glandula submandibu-			surface facing the lips.
7		5	Submandibular gland. Glandula submandibu-		26 Lingual and palatine surfaces. Facies lingualis/
7			laris. Predominantly serous salivary gland lo-		26 Lingual and palatine surfaces. Facies lingualis/
			cated almost entirely below the mylohyoid. D F			palatalis dentis. Tooth	surfaces facing the
			cated almost entirely below the mylohyoid. D F			tongue and palate, respectively. A G
8		6	Submandibular	duct. Ductus submandibu-		tongue and palate, respectively. A G
		6	Submandibular	duct. Ductus submandibu-	27	Approximal surface.	Facies	approximalis.
			laris. Duct that	drains the submandibular	27	Approximal surface.	Facies	approximalis.
			laris. Duct that	drains the submandibular		Tooth surface facing the adjacent tooth. G
9			gland. It loops around the posterior margin of			Tooth surface facing the adjacent tooth. G
			gland. It loops around the posterior margin of		28	Mesial surface. Facies mesialis. Vertical con-
			the mylohyoid accompanied by glandular		28	Mesial surface. Facies mesialis. Vertical con-
			tissue and opens at the sublingual caruncle. D			tact surface of a tooth turned away from the last
10		7	Parotid gland. Glandula parotidea. Salivary			molar. G
10		7	Parotid gland. Glandula parotidea. Salivary		29	Distal surface. Facies distalis. Vertical contact
			gland located behind and on the mandibular		29	Distal surface. Facies distalis. Vertical contact
11			ramus. F			surface of a tooth facing away from the first in-
11		8	Superficial part. Pars superficialis. The parts			cisor. G
		8	Superficial part. Pars superficialis. The parts		29 a Contingent area. Area contingens. Direct contact
			of the parotid gland located superficial to the		29 a Contingent area. Area contingens. Direct contact
12			facial nerve. F			surface of adjacent teeth.
		9	Deep part. Pars produnda. Parts of the parotid		30 Cingulum. Ridge near the neck of a tooth con-
13			gland located deep with respect to the facial			necting both marginal crests at the lingual sur-
13			nerve. F			face of incisor and canine teeth. A
			nerve. F			face of incisor and canine teeth. A
14		10	Accessory parotid gland. Glandula parotidea		31	Marginal crest. Crista marginalis. Lateral
14			accessoria. Portion of the parotid gland located			marginal ridge on the lingual surface of the in-
			on the masseter muscle near the parotid ex-			cisor and canine teeth which goes over into the
15			cretory duct. F			cingulum at the neck region. A
15		11	Parotid duct. Ductus parotideus. Excretory		32 Incisal margin. Margo incisalis. Occlusal edge
		11	Parotid duct. Ductus parotideus. Excretory		32 Incisal margin. Margo incisalis. Occlusal edge
16			duct of the parotid gland. It passes around the			of incisor and canine teeth. A
16			anterior margin of the masseter and opens near
17			the second upper molar tooth. F
17		12	TEETH. Dentes. A B C D E G
		13 Crown of tooth. Corona dentis. Portion of the
18			tooth covered by enamel. E
		14 Cusp of tooth. Cuspis dentis [[tuberculum]]. 1−
19			5 protuberances	on the occlusal surface of
19			tooth (with the exception of the incisors). E
			tooth (with the exception of the incisors). E
20		15 Apex of cusp. Apex cuspidis. E
20		16	Dental tubercle. Tuberculum dentis. Distinct
21			eminence on the side of the crown, especially
21			in canine and incisor teeth. A
		17 Transverse ridge. Crista transversalis. Trans-
22			verse connecting ridge between adjacent
			cusps. B
23		18 Triangular ridge. Crista triangularis. Triangu-
23			lar connecting ridge between the cusps of the
24			molars. B
24		19	Clinical crown. Corona clinica. Portion of the
			tooth projecting above the gum. C
25		20	Neck of tooth. Cervix [[collum]] dentis. Portion
			of the tooth at the enamel-cementum border. E

									Digestive system			111

32										19				1
32				24				17
														2

26		26	31

														3
		16					18			23
														4



30														5
30														5


														6
	Incisor tooth and canine tooth,					First and second molars,				Incisor, sagittal
A					B				C
A					B				C
	lingual surface						occlusal surface			section				7


										14	15			8
										14	15

										13			24	9
														9



														10

25
									20


							4							11




3							2			21				12
3										21

														13
									22


														14
	Oral cavity,									First lower molar				14
D									E
D									E
	medial view													15

							16

							17
	10

11		8					18



	7

							19
							19
		9

						27	20
							20
	28				29

							21
				26			21


	5				29		22
					29

					29		23

							24
F Salivary glands, lateral view			G Teeth of lower jaw
F Salivary glands, lateral view			G Teeth of lower jaw

	112			Digestive system
				Pulp cavity of tooth. Cavitas dentis (pulparis).			20	Incisor teeth. Dentes incisivi. Cutting teeth lo-
1		1		Pulp cavity of tooth. Cavitas dentis (pulparis).			20	Incisor teeth. Dentes incisivi. Cutting teeth lo-
1				Cavity in the dentin. Towards the root, it be-				cated on both sides of the midline at the 1st and
2				comes continuous with the root canal. A				2nd positions of the dental arch. D
2		2		Pulp chamber in the crown. Cavitas coronae.			21	Canine teeth. Dentes canini. Teeth located at
3				Crown portion of the pulp cavity. A				the 3rd position of the dental arch. D
3		3		Root canal of tooth. Canalis radicis dentis.			22	Premolar teeth. Dentes premolares. Teeth oc-
				Canal between the pulp cavity and the apical				cupying the 4th and 5th positions of the dental
4				foramen. A				arch. D
4		4		Apical foramen of root of tooth. Foramen apicis			23	Molar teeth. Dentes molares. Teeth located at
		4		Apical foramen of root of tooth. Foramen apicis			23	Molar teeth. Dentes molares. Teeth located at
				radicis dentalis. The opening of the root canal at				the 6th, 7th and 8th positions of the dental arch. D
5				radicis dentalis. The opening of the root canal at				the 6th, 7th and 8th positions of the dental arch. D
5				the apex of the root. A			24	Wisdom tooth. Dens serotinus [molaris ter-
			5 Pulp of tooth. Pulpa dentis. Contents of the					tius]. Tooth located at the 8th position of the
6			5 Pulp of tooth. Pulpa dentis. Contents of the					tius]. Tooth located at the 8th position of the
6				pulp cavity consisting of loose, finely fibered				dental arch. D
				connective tissue, blood vessels and nerves.			25 Deciduous (milk) teeth. Dentes decidui.
				connective tissue, blood vessels and nerves.
7	6			Crown pulp. Pulpa coronalis. Pulp within the
7	6			Crown pulp. Pulpa coronalis. Pulp within the			26 Permanent teeth. Dentes permanentes. Teeth
				crown portion of the pulp cavity.			26 Permanent teeth. Dentes permanentes. Teeth
				crown portion of the pulp cavity.				that develop after the deciduous teeth.
	7			Root pulp. Pulpa radicularis. Pulp within the
8
							27	Diastema. Space between adjacent teeth.
				root canal portion of the pulp cavity.			27	Diastema. Space between adjacent teeth.
	8			Dental papilla.	Papilla dentis. A mass	of	28 TONGUE. Lingua. D E
9							28 TONGUE. Lingua. D E

				mesenchyme present in the bell stage of tooth			29	Body of tongue. Corpus linguae. Portion of the
				mesenchyme present in the bell stage of tooth			29	Body of tongue. Corpus linguae. Portion of the
				development. B				tongue situated between the apex and root. E
10				development. B				tongue situated between the apex and root. E
10	9			Dentine. Dentinum [[substantia eburnea]]. Pre-			30	Root of tongue. Radix linguae. Anchoring re-
				dominant mass of a tooth consisting of inor-				gion of the tongue at the mandible and hyoid
11				ganic and organic material (especially col-				bone. Also the posterior, vertical segment of the
				lagenous fibers). A C				tongue. E
				lagenous fibers). A C				tongue. E
12	10			Enamel. Enamelum [[substantia adamantina]].			31	Dorsum of tongue. Dorsum linguae. E
				The extremely hard substance surrounding the			32	Anterior, oral portion of tongue. Pars pre-
				crown of the tooth like a mantle. A C			32	Anterior, oral portion of tongue. Pars pre-
13				crown of the tooth like a mantle. A C				sulcalis (anterior). The part of the dorsum of
		11 GOMPHOSIS. Type of fibrous joint in which a						sulcalis (anterior). The part of the dorsum of
								the tongue situated anterior to the sulcus ter-
								the tongue situated anterior to the sulcus ter-
				conical process, e. g., a tooth, is inserted into a				minalis. 115 B
14				conical process, e. g., a tooth, is inserted into a				minalis. 115 B
14				socket, e. g., alveolus of the jaw (dentoalveolar			33	Posterior, pharyngeal part of tongue. Pars
				articulation).			33	Posterior, pharyngeal part of tongue. Pars
				articulation).				postsulcalis (posterior). The vertical portion of
	12			Periodontium. Tissues that invest and support				postsulcalis (posterior). The vertical portion of
15	12			Periodontium. Tissues that invest and support				the dorsum of the tongue between the sulcus
				the tooth within the alveolus. It consists of the				terminalis and the epiglottis. 115 B
				following parts: A			34 Inferior surface of tongue. Facies inferior lin-
16				following parts: A
	13			Periodontium	protectoris [[gingiva]].	The
	13			Periodontium	protectoris [[gingiva]].	The		guae. D E
				outer part of the periodontium with the exter-			35	Fimbriated fold. Plica fimbriata. Serrated fold
17				outer part of the periodontium with the exter-
				nal border epithelium. A
				nal border epithelium. A				lateral to the frenulum. It is a remnant of the in-
	14			Periodontium insertionis. Portion of the peri-				lateral to the frenulum. It is a remnant of the in-
								ferior tongue. D
18								ferior tongue. D
18				odonium touching the tooth. It consists of the			36 Lateral margin of tongue bordering the teeth.
				inner border epithelium and the periodontal			36 Lateral margin of tongue bordering the teeth.
				ligament. A				Margo linguae. D
19								Margo linguae. D

	15			Periodontal ligament. Desmodontium. All con-			37	Apex of tongue. Apex linguae. D E
				nective tissue fibers which are anchored in the

20cementum and, with their vessels and nerves, extend partly into the gum and partly into the

alveolar wall. A

16Cementum. Substance similar to bone. It surrounds the tooth from the enamel border to the

22apex of the root and receives the fibers of the periodontal ligament. A

2317 Alveolar bone. Os alveolare. Bony wall of the alveolus. A

2418 Superior dental arch. Arcus dentalis superior. Curved row of teeth of the maxilla.

2519 Inferior dental arch. Arcus dentalis inferior. Curved row of teeth of the mandible.

Digestive system 113

																	1
																	2
			10		108.25												3
12			2				14										4
			9				14
			9			13

																	5
																	5


			1														6
15									17					8			7
15

																	8


								16									9
								16

			3										B	Tooth development
			3										B	Tooth development
																	10
																	11
																	11
			4														12

															9	10
	A	Longitudinal section of tooth													9	10	13



			20														14
																	14
														Enamel-dentin border
			37								21		C	Enamel-dentin border			15


35														31			16

			34
36			34														17
36

23				114.2							24	37		29		30	18
				114.2



												34					19


22										21							20


21			20														21



																	22
		Mouth with tongue elevated												Tongue, sagittal section
	D	Mouth with tongue elevated											E	Tongue, sagittal section			23
																	24
																	25

	114			Digestive system
				Mucous membrane of tongue. Tunica mucosa		18	TONGUE MUSCULATURE. Musculi linguae (lin-
1		1		Mucous membrane of tongue. Tunica mucosa		18	TONGUE MUSCULATURE. Musculi linguae (lin-
1				linguae. C			guales). The following eight tongue muscles are
2		2		Frenulum of tongue. Frenulum linguae. Mu-			innervated by the hypoglossal nerve (XII).
		2		Frenulum of tongue. Frenulum linguae. Mu-		19	M. genioglossus. o: Mental spine of mandible.
				cosal fold extending from the floor of the		19	M. genioglossus. o: Mental spine of mandible.
				mouth to the inferior side of the tongue. D; see			i: Fan-shaped distribution within the tongue
3				also p. 113. D			from the apex to the base. A: It pulls the tongue
3		3		Lingual papillae. Papillae linguales. Collective			forward or towards the	chin. I: Hypoglossal
		3		Lingual papillae. Papillae linguales. Collective			nerve. C D
4				term for the following five different types of			nerve. C D
				term for the following five different types of		20	M. hyoglossus. o: Body and greater horn of
				mucosal formations: A B		20	M. hyoglossus. o: Body and greater horn of
		4	Filiform papillae. Papillae filiformes. Fine, al-				hyoid bone. i: Coming from below, it radiates
		4	Filiform papillae. Papillae filiformes. Fine, al-				into the lateral parts of the tongue and pene-
5				most threadlike epithelial elevations on a con-			into the lateral parts of the tongue and pene-
5				most threadlike epithelial elevations on a con-			trates up to the mucosa. A: It draws the base of
				nective tissue core. Their tips that are often			trates up to the mucosa. A: It draws the base of
				cleft. A			the tongue backward and downward. I: Hypo-
6				cleft. A			glossal nerve. D
6	5			Conical papillae. Papillae conicae. Special			glossal nerve. D
	5			Conical papillae. Papillae conicae. Special		21 M. chondroglossus. o: Lesser horn of hyoid. i:
				form of filiform papilla. They are somewhat		21 M. chondroglossus. o: Lesser horn of hyoid. i:
				form of filiform papilla. They are somewhat			Same as hyoglossus. I: Hypoglossal nerve. D
7				larger, longer and exhibit conical apices which			Same as hyoglossus. I: Hypoglossal nerve. D
7				larger, longer and exhibit conical apices which		22	M. styloglossus. o: Styloid process. i: Coming
				bend backwards. A
				bend backwards. A
	6			Fungiform papillae. Papillae	fungiformes.		from behind and above, it radiates to the lateral
8							from behind and above, it radiates to the lateral
							parts of the tongue and interweaves with the
				Mushroom-like papillae which are not pointed			parts of the tongue and interweaves with the
				at the tip, but terminate with a small plateau. A			hyoglossus. A: It draws the tongue backward
9				at the tip, but terminate with a small plateau. A			and upward. I: Hypoglossal nerve. D
				B			and upward. I: Hypoglossal nerve. D
				B		23 Superior longitudinal muscle of tongue. M.
	7		Vallate (circumvallate) papillae. Papillae val-
	7		Vallate (circumvallate) papillae. Papillae val-
10				latae. 7−12 large papillae located in front of the			longitudinalis superior. Longitudinal bundles of
				latae. 7−12 large papillae located in front of the			muscle just below the mucosa that extend from
				sulcus terminalis. They are circular in cross-			muscle just below the mucosa that extend from
				section and are surrounded by a moat, the wall			the apex of tongue to the region of the hyoid
11				section and are surrounded by a moat, the wall			bone. I: Hypoglossal nerve. C
11				of which contains taste buds. A B			bone. I: Hypoglossal nerve. C
	8		Lenticular papillae. Papilla lentiformes. Short			24	Inferior longitudinal muscle of tongue. M.
	8		Lenticular papillae. Papilla lentiformes. Short			24	Inferior longitudinal muscle of tongue. M.
12				fungiform papillae. A			longitudinalis inferior.	Longitudinal	fibrous
12				fungiform papillae. A			system situated close to the inferior surface of
	9			Foliate papilla. Papillae foliatae. Several paral-			system situated close to the inferior surface of
	9			Foliate papilla. Papillae foliatae. Several paral-			the tongue. It passes from the base to the apex
13				lel folds containing taste buds	at the post-		of the tongue. I: Hypoglossal nerve. C
13				erolateral margin of the tongue. B D			of the tongue. I: Hypoglossal nerve. C
				erolateral margin of the tongue. B D		25 Transverse muscle of tongue. M. transversus
		10 Median groove of tongue. Sulcus medianus				25 Transverse muscle of tongue. M. transversus
14		10 Median groove of tongue. Sulcus medianus					linguae. Transversely oriented muscle		fibers
				linguae. Shallow, median longitudinal groove			linguae. Transversely oriented muscle		fibers
				linguae. Shallow, median longitudinal groove			extending between the longitudinal system of
				situated above the lingual septum. B C			fibers. o: Lingual septum. i: Mucous membrane
15				situated above the lingual septum. B C			fibers. o: Lingual septum. i: Mucous membrane
15	11			Sulcus terminalis [[”V” linguae]]. Bilateral			along lateral margins of tongue. A: Extension of
				groove passing obliquely forward from the			tongue together with the vertical muscle of the
				groove passing obliquely forward from the			tongue together with the vertical muscle of the
16				foramen caecum. It lies behind the row of val-			tongue. I: Hypoglossal nerve. C
16				late papillae which run parallel to it. B		26	Vertical muscle of tongue. M. verticalis lin-
				late papillae which run parallel to it. B		26	Vertical muscle of tongue. M. verticalis lin-
	12			Foramen caecum linguae. Pit situated at the			guae. Vertical muscle fibers coursing from the
17	12			Foramen caecum linguae. Pit situated at the			guae. Vertical muscle fibers coursing from the
17				apex of the sulcus terminalis. It is the embryo-			back of the tongue to the inferior surface. I: Hy-
				logical remains of the thyroglossal duct. B			poglossal nerve. C
				logical remains of the thyroglossal duct. B			poglossal nerve. C

18 13 Thyroglossal duct. Ductus thyroglossalis. Embryological connection between thyroid gland and tongue. At the site of the future fora-

19men caecum, it extends downward from the base of the tongue as an epithelial cone.

2014 Lingual tonsil. Tonsilla lingualis. Accumulation

		of lymphatic tissue (lingual follicles) which is
		irregularly distributed over the root of the
	21	irregularly distributed over the root of the
	21	tongue. B D

15 Lingual follicles. Folliculi linguales. Dome-

22shaped protrusions of the mucosa, 1−5 mm in diameter, caused by masses of lymphatic tissue beneath them. Each has a central crypt. A

2316 Lingual septum. Septum lingualis. Connective tissue plate with a special fibrous architecture

24located in the midsagittal plane. C

17 Lingual aponeurosis. Aponeurosis lingualis.

25Stout connective tissue framework of the tongue between the muscles and the mucosa. C

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