Материал: Английский Косова

however, still, yet, nevertheless

on the contrary, in (by) contrast, conversely, alternately

otherwise, rather

on the one hand, on the other hand

Multifunctional words:

“It” a) personal pronoun: I started translating it at once

b) formal subject: It is well known that supply and demand are the basic concepts of economy.

c) formal object: Computers made it possible to receive all information we want.

“One”

One day, one should know, that one

“That”: that situation, they know that…, metal that melts at…

“For” : …for it seems to be interesting, for 3 minutes, for small engines, for…to

“But” : not a compound but a mixture; He is but a child .Nobody but you;

“After” : after some minutes, after they carried experiment; He invented the engine that a lot of people

used after.

“Before”: Think before talk. Before and after the transformation; Nobody used it before.

“Since” : since the electric circuit was broken; since they met…, since last year

“As” : as the most convenient one, as he wanted…

The use of Perfect Tenses

**Task V. Define the verb tenses and translate the sentences into Ukrainian.

1.The first computers appeared some 60 years ago. 2.A number of complicated tasks have been solved with the help of computers. 3. The principle of work of this wonderful machine lies in counting electric impulses. 4.He has developed a new theory in Physics. 5. He announced that he had developed a new theory in Physics. 5. They will have used new equipment by the end of the year. 6. The new appliances have been already assembled in our laboratory. 7. The workers were glad as the new appliances had been assembled in their lab. 8.The new appliances will have been assembled by December.9. This branch of science is quickly developing now. 10. They informed that some space systems are being guided successfully..

*Task VI. Find the matches. Use the word-combinations to make up questions.

1. Наука і техніка a) addition and subtraction

2. зовсім нова галузь науки b) digital form

3. можна вирішити c) the volume of calculations

4. виняткова важливість d) to yield results

5. об’єм обчислень e) science and technology

6. виконувати складні завдання d) a completely new branch of science

8. обчислення електричних імпульсів e) multiplication and division

9. додавання, віднімання f) computing equipment

10. множення, ділення g) exceptional possibility

11. обчислювальне обладнання h) a network of centres

From the history of computer

The educated man of 200 years ago did not need to know anything about science. The educated man of 25 — 30 years ago did not need to know anything about computers. But the educated man of today needs to have some significant knowledge of science and a little significant knowledge about computers.

The computer is no doubt the most amazing achievement of mankind. It is a date storage system created by man. A human tells the machine what to do, when to do it and how it should be done.

The word computer comes from a Latin word which means to count.

Nearly one hundred and fifty years ago there were no such things as computers. Knotted ropes, marks in clay, the abacus are all methods of keeping track of numbers.

In 1833 an English inventor and mathematician Charles Babbage, professor of Cambridge University designed the first computer. The mathematical programmer for his machine had been composed by Lord Byron's daughter.

The first programmer computer which operated successfully was built in 1939 by H. H. Aiken, professor of Harvard University.

In our country the first electronic digital computer MACM was constructed by the Ukrainian Academician S. O. Lebedev in 1950.

Such computers as BESM, Minsk, Ural, Razdan-3, M-20, M-220, Nairi-3, Strela, Dnieper were created in our country.

Nowadays computers greatly increase man's thinking capabilities of planning, analyzing, computing and controlling. Hundreds of computers are already in daily use. They penetrate almost into all spheres of our modern society, from nuclear energy production and missile design to the processing of bank checks, weather forecasting, manufacturing, research and medical diagnoses.

There are three kinds of computers: digital, analogue and hybrid. An analogue computer computes by using physical analogue of numerical measurements. A digital computer computes by using numbers or digits. A hybrid computer is a machine which combines some of the properties of digital and analogue computers.

Invention of electronic computers is one of the greatest achievements of mankind. The significance of it can be compared with the invention of the steam-engine and the utilization of atomic energy.

**Task VII. Translate into English:

1. Електроніка є основою сучасної автоматики. 2. ЕОМ використовуються в промисловості, медицині, науково-дослідній роботі, банках і під час прогнозування погоди. 3. Августа Ада Байрон — дочка славнозвісного поета. Вона зробила математичне забезпечення для першого комп'ютера. У шістнадцятирічному віці вона мала глибокі знання з математики. 4. ЕОМ відкриває великі перспективи для людської творчості, про які могли говорити хіба що фантасти. 5. Цифрова обчислювальна машина за один день може виконати такий обсяг роботи, з яким команда обчислювачів не впорається й за рік.

Living with computers

Computers: friend ...

People who have grown up with PCs and microchips are often called the digital generation. This is how some people answered when questioned about the use of computers in their lives.

... or toe?

• Our society has developed technological dependence. When computers are down, our way of life breaks down: planes stop flying, telephones don't work, banks have to close.

• Computers produce electronic waste, plastic cases and microchips that are not biodegradable and have to be recycled or just thrown away.

• They are responsible for health problems, e.g. computer addiction, an inappropriate and excessive use of computers.

• Cybercrime, crime committed with the help of computers, is creating serious problems.

• " Citizens may feel a loss of privacy because of unauthorized use of personal data or receiving unwanted electronic messages.

Things we can do on the computer

12. цифрова форма i) can be solved

13. давати результати j) to carry out complex tasks

14. мережа центрів k) the calculation of electric impulses

*Task III. Make up sentences:

*8Task IV. Fill in the blanks with the necessary words:

1. The store ... a numerical quantities and data which are to be processed, (contains, concludes, consists of) 2. The arithmetic unit normally ... the operation of addition, subtraction, multiplication and division and certain other special operations, (performs, carries out, carry) 3. The input and output devices are to supply information and to ... it from the computer, (obtain, receive, get) 4. Computers are a million times ... than humans in performing computing operation, (faster, quicker, rapid) 5. The number of electronic computers used in any given field of human activity is sometimes believed to ... the degree of its modernity, (indicate, show, testify)

**Task V. Read, translate and retell the text:

• A secretary: 'I use computers to do the usual office things like write letters and faxes, but what I find really useful is email. We are an international company and I send emails to our offices all over the world.'

• A publisher: 'We use PCs to produce all sorts of texts in digital format. We publish e-books (electronic books) and interactive e-learning programs on CD, and we help a local company to design an online newspaper, displayed on the Web.'

• A bank manager: 'We use financial software to make calculations and then generate graphs or charts. We also use a database to store information so that it can be easily searched.'

• A home user: 'I like to retouch photos on my computer; I improve them by making a few touches and then save them on a CD. 1 also enjoy looking at music portals on the Web. 1 surf the Web every day and I often download files, I copy music files from the Net to my PC.'

**Task Complete these sentences with words from A opposite.

1) The……….. is a piece of software that interfaces with your PC and allows

you, via keyboard commands, to get any text information read to you in synthetic speech.

2) A…………. - , as popularized by virtual reality, lets the

user immerse him/herself in a synthetically generated environment.

3) An……… is a touch-sensitive device where a special pen or your

finger can act as a mouse.

4) Tony Adams is now the proud owner of a dark silver Vogue, complete with leather interior,

……………. navigation, and a …………with LCD TV screens.

**Task Which computer use in A do these pictures illustrate?

**Task Read B opposite. What problem do these sentences refer to?

1. We are sorry to announce that most flights are delayed or cancelled.

2. He should go to a psychologist. He spends hours surfing the Web.

3. Technology changes so quickly that we have to scrap computers when they become obsolete.

4. I've been getting emails about offers for lots of different products.

5. My computer system has been broken into and some useful information has been destroyed.

Some words often appear together in IT. Complete these computer uses with word partners from C opposite. .. ... .

The numeral. Perfect Continuous Tense. The Founder of Microsoft.

Числівник. Схема утворення числівників. Схема утворення кількісних числівників.

seven (7)+

100 - a (one) hundred

1000 - a(one)thousand

1000000 - a (one) million

1 000000000 - a (one) milliard (England), a (one) billion (USA) Утворення порядкових числівників. one - first, two - second, three - third seven + th - (the) seventh

TaskI. The numeral

Cardinal numerals: one, two three…

Ordinal numerals: first, second, third,

Simple: five, hundred, thousand…

Derived: thirteen, eighty, tenth…

Composite: sixty-four, nine hundred…

835-eight hundred and thirty –five

2,046- two thousand and forty-six

3,582,77-three million …

1997 year-nineteen ninety seven, 2000- twenty hundred

4-th, February 1999- February the fourth nineteen ninety-nine

Fractions:1/3- a(one) third, ½- one half 3/5- three fifths, 5/6- five sixths, 5 ½ tons-five and tons

15.25- fifteen (one five) point two five

*Task I. Read in English

a) 55; 13; 3; 30; 51; 11; 12; 112; 201;940; 698; 10; 575; 576; 276; 7. 000.000; 1.022; 0.85; 5.3; 1/2; 1/4; 2/3; 1; 3/4; 2 5/7;

b) 1.005 dollars; 506 companies; 4.790 specialists; 5.400 banks; 6.75 miles; 1.431 rubles; on page 733; by train 238;

by plane 543; in question No 5; on the 7th day; 20%; 5 kilograms;

c) on the 1st of May; on January 18th, 1853; on November the 17th. 1947; at the end of 1899; October 25, 1933; at the beginning of 1930;

d) 5.3 tons; 9.9 tons; 2/3 kilometer; 0.2 mile.

*Task II. Write down the numerals:

10,823, 452, 1991 , 8,970, 24 , 63-d, 13.03, 7 ½, 0.25, 18, 9-th, 24-th, ¾, 1,273,809, 12, 2010

*Task II. Translate into English

23 лютого 1918 p., 12 серпня 1962 p., до 31 січня 1978 p., в листопаді 1948 p., до 7 листопада 1989 p., 9 серпня 1812 р.

25 км, 175 тис. доларів, 20 мл. бізнесменів, 3500 адвокатів, 8570 офіційних документів, 375285 машин, 0,5 кг, -20, 25 , 100 , сотні доларів, млн. корпорацій.

*Task III. Finish the dialogues.