Formatting a document

Before you print your document,

you can choose how you want it to look on paper. This is called format­ting. Some word-processing pro­grams ask you to do this before you start writing. Others wait until you are ready to print your document and then give you a list of choices. The instructions that you use to tell the computer how to print your document are called formatting commands.

What are some of the choices that you have for formatting text? Most word-processing programs allow you to adjust the line spacing on your document. That means that you can select the amount of empty space between printed lines. You can print your document using either single-spaced or double spaced text.

Single-spaced text looks like the type that you are reading now.

Double-spaced text looks like the type that you are reading now.

Some programs allow you to print your document using triple-spaced text as well. You can also choose how much of a margin you want be­tween your writing and the edges of the paper.

Some word-processing programs have a formatting command that prints justified lines. Justified lines form straight margins on both sides of this paper. For example, the text in this book is justified, but the text in this paragraph is not justified.

PRINTING A DOCUMENT

Your word processor and printer work together to carry out formatting commands. Some printers are capable of performing more formatting functions than others, For example, your word-processing program may allow you to print italic type, but if your printer can't produce italic type, the command is useless. The reverse is also true. A printer can't produce italic type if it's hooked up to word-processing program that won't allow it.

Forms of Infinitive

Примітка: Форми інфінітиву Indefinite та Continuous (Active, Passive) виражають дію одночасно з дією, вираженою дієсловом-присудком.

I like to play the piano.

Форми інфінітиву Continuous-

The child seems to be sleeping.

Форми інфінітиву Perfect, Perfect Continuous (Active, Passive) висловлюють дію, яка передує дії, вираженій дієсловом-присудком.

I was glad to have spoken to him.

A crashed disk rescuer is used to restore disks and corrupted files.

An accessibility program makes a PC easier for disabled users to use.

A compression utility rewrites data so that it takes less space on disk.

A media player lets yon watch DVDs, nlav music and listen to the radio on the Web.

*Read A and B opposite and find the following.

the difference between system software and application software

software that enables users and programs to communicate with hardware

the meaning of ‘multitasking’

a multi-user OS used on large, powerful computer systems

the operating system that is freely distributed

the operating system designed by Apple

the OS created by Microsoft

the meaning of WIMP in a graphical user interface (GUI)

the expression used to describe a system that is easy to use

*Look at B opposite and then identify these interface elements.

** Look at C opposite. Which utility would you use to do these tasks?

1 to play and organize multimedia on your PC

2 to diagnose and repair damaged disks

3 to help computer users with sight, hearing or mobility difficulties

4 to make files smaller, so you can send them with emails

Примітка: після дієслів 2 групи to перед інфінітивом не вживається.

Не saw the dean enter the classroom.

Перекладається підрядним додатковим реченням зі сполучниками щоб, що, як, підмет якого відповідає іменнику в загальному відмінку (або займеннику в об'єктному відмінку), а присудок - інфінітиву цього звороту.

**Translate the following sentences paying attention to the objective infinitive constructions:

a) 1. He wanted us to visit his office. 2.We expect you to do business with us. 3. I suppose this firm to be about 25. 4. The board of directors expected the goods to be delivered in time. 5. We know him to have 20% of our stocks. 6. Everybody knows him to be writing business articles. 7. We thought him to have taken part in their experiment.

b) 1. We felt somebody constantly buy our stocks. 2. We heard him phone Mr. Blake and say him about a 10% discount. 3. Have you ever seen Blake & C fail? 4. Nobody noticed her leave the conference room. 5. We like to see our business projects give good results.

**I. Translate the following sentences into Ukrainian paying attention to the Objective Infinitive Construction (Complex Object).

1. She felt somebody look at her. 2. We heard him come in and close the door behind him. 3. Have you ever seen Ulanova dance? 4. She watched the boy buy a newspaper, open it, look it through and then throw it away. 5. Nobody noticed her leave the room. 6. I heard him mention my sister's name. 7. Many people like to watch the sun rise. 8. She saw her son fall. 9. He likes to watch his son play in the garden. 10. The students heard the bell ring. 11. You can't make me believe that all these stories are true. 12. In spite of "bad weather the instructor made the sportsmen continue their training.

**II. Translate into Ukrainian paying attention to the Objective Infinitive Construction (Complex Object).

1. He wanted us to visit the arts exhibition. 2. I expect you to tell me everything. 3.I suppose her to be about 50.4. The teacher does not consider him to be a good student. 5. The engineer expected the work to be done in time. 6. We expect you to show good results. 7. The discovery showed the atomic nucleus to be a vast source of energy. 8. We know him to have graduated from the institute two years ago. 9. Everybody knows him to be writing a new book. 10. We know the cybernetics to be an important branch of modern technology 11. We thought him to have taken part in their experiment.

**III. Translate the following sentences into Ukrainian paying atten­tion to the functions of the Infinitive.

Зразок: То master English the students must study hard Для того щоб оволодгги англмською мовою, студенти повинi старанно

ВЧИТИСЯ

1. In the morning we open the window to air the room. 2. To be a good skilled engineer you must know Higher Mathematics. 3 To make the experiment you must improve the device. 4. The Laboratory is large enough to seat forty people. 5. All our students of the evening department must go to the Institute four times a week to attend classes, seminars and lectures. 6. To help students in their studies the Polytechnical Institute has quite a number of laboratories.

Суб'єктний інфінітивний зворот

Суб'єктний інфінітивний зворот вживається з дієсловами:

1) Active Voice:

to seem - здається

to appear – здається

to prove – виявляється

to happen — виявляється

2) Passive Voice:

to say - is said - говорять

to know - is known - відомо

to report — is reported - як кажуть

to suppose - is supposed - припускають

to expect - is expected - вважають

to consider - is considered - рахують

to think - is thought - думають

to believe - is believed - вважають

to assume - is assumed - допускають

to find - is found - знаходять (вважають)

3) to be + прикметник або прислівник

to be likely - is likely - мабуть, певно

to be unlikely - is unlikely - неможливо

to be sure - is sure - безумовно

to be certain - is curtain – безперечно

Приклади:

They were believed to have left Moscow.

Вважають, що вони вже поїхали з Москви.

Under these conditions the output is likely to increase.

При таких умовах випуск продукції певно зросте.

Не appears to be a very good businessman.

Виявляється, що він дуже гарний бізнесмен.

**Translate the sentences paying attention to the subjective infinitive construction:

A. 1. The contract was said to be very advantageous. 2. The members of the committee are reported to have come to an agreement. 3. The English delegation is believed to come at the end of the month. 4. This firm is considered to be the best in this sphere. 5. Gold is known to have been used like the world money.

B. 1. She seems to know business English and French. 2. They seem to be talking about their new competitor. 3. This business matter appears to be of great importance. 4. Your business plan proved to be a success. 5. He happened to leave the office very early that day, 6. The situation on the currency exchange appears to be improving.

C. 1. We are unlikely to change our business plan. 2. Our prices are likely to be too expensive. 3. He is certain to be appointed the director of this company. 4. They are sure to agree to a 10% discount.

**Choose the necessary form from the box:

1. Повідомляють, що делегація вже приїхала.

The delegation is reported_______________.

2. Говорять, що він був вчора на біржі.

Не is said______________at the exchange yesterday.

3. Відомо, що він працює над цією проблемою багато років.

Не is known_______________at this problem for many years.

4. Стверджують, що цей банк був заснований 25 років тому.

This bank is stated________________25 years ago.

5. Очікується, що завтра на наші акції буде великий попит.

Our stocks are expected______________in great demand tomorrow.

**IV. Translate the following sentences into Ukrainian paying attention to the Subjective Infinitive Construction (Complex Subject.)

1. Industrial electronics is said to be a comparative newcomer to industrial plants. 2. Electronic equipments have been proved to save millions of man and machine hours. 3. Electronic devices are known to control the stream of electrons. 4. Vacuum tubes appear to perform such functions as: rectification, amplification, detection, modulation and others. 5. The future is expected to bring a great many of new applications for semiconductors. 6. Experiments with special constructions of semiconductor diodes are reported to have been carried out. 7. Electronic equipments have been proved to do jobs better and more economically than other devices. 8. Vacuum tubes are assumed to be basic elements in numerous technical devices now in use. 9. Vacuum tubes are considered to be indispensable in industrial control. 10." Electronic equipments are likely to find an evergrowing application.

**V. Translate the following sentences into Ukrainian paying attention to the Subjective Infinitive Construction (Complex Subject).

1. Electronics is known to be a young science. 2. The application of electronics in everyday life and industry has proved to increase enormously m the last few years. 3. Electronics is believed to begin when the valve was invented. 4. Electronic equipment is known to have already been applied at the beginning of the century. 5. Electronics is sure to find an ever growing application.