Материал: Английский Косова

III Описовий переклад: розкриття значення

- друкувальний пристрій з нагрівальними елементами

Flexible transport - пристрій для термодруку

Read the following word – combinations and decide which of them are changer or which of them are not.

I II

To give money, bitter irony, dead list, to call for help, to shake hands, to shake a leg, help yourself, nothing in life, to devote one’s life, the origin of life.

Compound nouns

Compound nouns consist of two or more words used together as a single word, e.g. bard drive. In a compound there is a headword and one or more modifiers. | ink-jet | | printer |

modifier head

Modifiers can refer to different things:

• material, e.g. silicon chip = a chip made of silicon

• use or function, e.g. search engine = a program used to find information on the Web

• activity or profession, e.g. software engineer = a person who designs software

• place, e.g. web portal = a site on the Web that acts as a gateway to other sires

Compound nouns are written in different ways:

• as two separate words, e.g. control panel = a utility that lets you configure and adjust a system

• as two words joined with a hyphen, e.g. self-test = an automatic examination of a device

• as one word, e.g. clipboard = a holding place for text or graphics you've just cut or copied

Unfortunately there are no rules. I or example, you may see dip art, clip-art and chpart. Some compounds change over time, for example two words - web site - become hyphenated after a time, and then eventually end up as one word - website.

The two parts may be:

1. noun + noun address bus = a set of wires that identifies locations, addresses, in the main

memory

bandwidth = the rate at which data Hows through a cable or network mail merge = a tool that combines a standard letter with a mailing list to create personalized letters

2. adjective + broadband = high-speed connection, e.g. cable or ADSL Internet access noun shortcut = a small file, I KB in size, that links to a real file stored elsewhere

smart card = a plastic card that contains a small chip

3. verb or verbal scrollbar = part of a window that lets you move through a document noun + noun recording head = a mechanism that transfers data to a disk

4. verb + particle add-on = a hardware or software module that can be added to a computer

set-up / setup = the way in which a program or device is configured Compound nouns normally have the main stress on the first part and a secondary stress on the second part, e.g. screen saver /'skri:n ,seivr»(r)/.

Compound adjectives

Compound adjectives are made up of two words, normally with hyphens between them. The second part is often a past participle. A menu-driven program lets you select a command from a menu. A voice-activated product is activated bv the user's voice. Object-oriented programming is based on objects and their effects on each other, rather than on a series of instructions.

Other common patterns include:

noun + present participle Space-saving PCs take up very little desktop space.

noun + adjective A hands-free device does not require the hands for operation. A stand-alone computer or business can operate on its own.

**Look at A opposite. Which compound do these definitions refer to

a small piece of silicon which is used in computers

a sire that offers email, news, forums, web searching, online shopping and links to other sires

,i utility used to adjust computer settings such as fonts, sound and networks

the read/write head of a disk drive

a computer bus used by the CPU to communicate memory locations

**Complete these sentences with a compound A opposite.

enables vou to combine two files, one containing names and addresses

and the other containing a non-specific letter intended for multiple recipients.

A USB headset is a useful , the ideal accessory for your computer games

and music.

The printer's didn't identify any errors.

Because the Web has no central organization, every Web surfer needs a

- a special site that locates other sites based on words or phrases you type in.

They are seeking a to help write and test a new operating system.

**Complete the puzzle with compound nouns.

Across

1 the configuration of hardware and software

a bar that allows you to select the portion of the document you want to see

an area that holds the things you copy, ready to be pasted .mvwhere else

a type ol data transmission that provides fast Internet access

a special file which redirects to another file or program

a small card with an embedded microchip

the amount of data that can be transmitted along a channel

**Complete these sentences with a compound adjective from B opposite

A - telephone allows people with

limited mobility to dial and answer the phone with just the sound of their voice.

A fax machine is a - device, so it do

not require any other device to function.

\ - application is operated by makin

choices from menus instead of giving instructions on a keyboard.

In some countries it is obligatory to use a -

car kit when you are using a mobile phone while-

driving.

An - language like C++ lets the

programmer concentrate on individual units (e.g. a piece of text, a graphic or a table) and give each object functions which can be changed easily.

**Task V Translate the following word-combinations into Ukrainian.

the traffic speed; the traffic speed increase; the railway bridge, the railway bridge reconstruction; the London underground; the London underground problem; the thermoelectric generator development; the energy accumulation process; the modern house ventilation facilities; the car speed calculation; the high quality concrete; the research program result; the Kyiv region newspaper; the temperature limit determination; the household goods; the household goods store; the steam engine invention.

**Task VI. Translate the following word-combinations into Ukrainian.

the control system, the measuring unit, the recording millivoltmeter, semi­conductor industry, measuring equipment, life time, effective life time, power consumption, voltage multiplier circuit, high voltage source, hardness meters, transistor tester, first-class quality, room temperature, voltage selector switch, power supply line, power supply voltage selector switch, normal operation conditions, rubber industry.

**Task VII Translate into Ukrainian

Hold your horses - , hold your tongue - , be my guest - , it doesn’t matter - , to my mind - , in good time - , joy go with you - , properly – speaking -, to put another way - , to put it briefly.

*Task VIII Form words of opposite meaning by adding suffixes or prefixes to the following words.

Useful, convenient, practical, harmonious, important, attractive, comfortable.

*Task IX Translate the following phrases from the text.

experimental investigation; man's knowledge; natural law; testing-room; chemical work; work-room; by means of; nowadays; applied sciences; the seat of great activity.

*Task X Arrange the following words in pairs according to the similar meaning.

Eminent, complete, bad, use, receive, take part, supervise, number, full, motion, outstanding, achievements, help, poor, employ, connect, obtain, participate, developments, assist, associate, power, guide, quantity.

**Task XI Read and translate the text.

TECHNICAL ENGLISH

Technical English is often said to be difficult to understand. There are a number of reasons why technical writing is rather difficult. One of the reasons for this is that many English words can have several meanings .Each branch of science and technology has its own vocabulary (terminology). Many of them are formed on the basis of Greek or Latin words and are often international.

Some technical words, such as power, roll, stress, movement, etc. borrowed from everyday English sometimes cause much greater difficulty than terminology. In addition to terms, a text on some special problem usually contains so-called learned words, such as approximate, compute, indicate, etc.

As to the familiar grammatical patterns and models, they are the same as in everyday English. There is. certainly, a difference in the frequency with which certain grammatical forms occur.

Scientific and technical writing is usually about things, matter, natural processes, and it is impersonal in style. The first person singular is not generally used. The style of most scientific texts, besides being impersonal, is also very concise. It is because the author- scientist is writing primarily for other scientists.

In order to master technical English the student must first acquire a thorough knowledge of everyday English with its grammar, vocabulary and rules of word-formation. Then it will be easy for him to learn, step by step, the peculiarities of technical English.

The problem of vocabulary also causes difficulty to the reader of technical English. Ability to translate a foreign technical text demands sufficient technical knowledge to understand it and also a great linguistic knowledge and skill.

Comprehension questions:

1. Is technical English completely different from literary English?

2. What distinguishes technical English from everyday English?

3. How can you master technical English?

Task XII. Name the word-building elements (suffixes, prefixes) and the part of speech of each word. Translate them into Ukrainian:

Importance-important-unimportant; consider-consideration- considerable; oppose-opposite -opposition; even-uneven; regard-misregard; know-knowledge; practice-practical-unpractical; add-addition-additional: frequency-frequently; person-personal-impersonal.

Task XIII. Read the following word-combinations and translate them into Ukrainian:

Total number, numerical distribution, cultural values, official status, technical English, literary English, learned words.

Task XIV. Finish the sentences according to the text:

1. The total number of languages.... 2. The numerical distribution of people speaking different languages. . . . 3. For each people the language is not only.. . 4. The English language is spoken by more. ... 5. English is the working language during. ... 6. Each branch of science and technology has ... . 7. In order to master technical English the learner must. . .

**Task XV. Translate the following sentences into Ukrainian. Use the right tenses.

1. Computer (to contain) a number of parts that (work) together.

2. More powerful computers (work) at every plant in future.

3. We (to be) at the conference yesterday. Computer users (talk) only in special terms.

4. Modern computers (to be) extremely reliable.

5. What you (to do) now? – I (to store) some information.

6. They (to use) the information, and instructions for you, we (to talk) about.

***Task XI. Discuss such points:

the importance of learning foreign languages;

the difference of literary English and technical English;

***why it is important for a programmer/engineer to master English.

The neologisms. Continuous Tenses. Computers in our life.

What a collocation is

A collocation is a pair or group of words that are often used together. You need to learn them in order to sound natural in English. For example, in computing we say 'attach a file", not 'enclose, a file'. New collocations are particularly common in ICT.

Some types of collocations

Verb + noun

The easiest way to connect to the Internet is by using a DSI. modem. A DSL modem can transmit data at high speed.

Your ISP will probably give you a CD with instructions on how to install the software on your PC.

Once you are online, you can access the Web or send and receive emails. You may like to burn CDs, i.e. copy your favourite songs or important files onto CDs.

Verbs with particles

Can you show me where the microphone plugs into the computer? If you want to log onto your account you will need your user ID and password. Computer criminals are getting better at hacking into other people's computers.

Adjective + noun

High-speed networks and multimedia phones allow customers to view live TV. To send outgoing mail and retrieve incoming mail, vou need to configure the email settings. Most teenagers use instant messaging to chat with friends.

Electronic commerce - from a PC;, digital TV or mobile phone - offers competitive prices. Wireless hotspots provide Wi-Fi Internet access in airports, hotels and other places. Users can interact with a virtual environment through the use of VR displays and data gloves. Typical interactive TV uses are voting in polls, video on demand and shopping from home.

Adverb + adjective

Don't send highly sensitive information via email or lax unless it is encrypted. This movie is freely available on the Internet, so it can be downloaded free of charge.

Phrases

When vou chat in a chat room, you are interacting in real time since it is immediate. A USB device is a good example of plug and play; you install it and use it immediately. To drag and drop, just click on the object and drag it to a different location.

*Task 1. Translate the following word-combinations:

The traffic speed, the traffic speed increase, the railway bridge, the railway bridge reconstruction the railway bridge, the London underground, the London underground problem, the thermoelectric generator, the energy accumulation process, the modern house ventilation facilities, the car speed calculation, the research program result, the Kyiv region newspaper, the temperature limit determination, the household goods, the household goods store, the steam engine invention.

**Look at A opposite. Match each word on the left with its partner on the right.

1. high-definition a Internet radio

2. read and write b disc

3. play c videos and music

4. tune in to d television

5. broadband e data

6. optical f your favourite sites

7. browse g compatible U fully backward h access

**Answer these cjucstions using collocations from jl opposite.

8. What sort of locations or access points can be used to surf the Net without wires?

9. What feature allows an electronic device to be used as soon as it is connected to a computer?

10. If you are gaining illegal or unauthorized access to computer data, what are you doing?

11. If you want to move a picture to a new location, what do you do?

12. What expression is used to refer to personal, confidential ,or classified information?

**Read these statements by computer users and complete them with suitable collocations.

13. M have a program that monitors both incoming and mail and also blocks spam.'

14. 'With a webcam you can add video to online chats and messaging. Simply 1