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МОДУЛЬ 8

1. Выучите слова и словосочетания по теме:

2. Повторите времена английского глагола. Приведите примеры, используя выученную лексику.

Времена английского глагола

Глаголы в формах Indefinite (Simple) описывают обычные, повторяющиеся действия как факт – безотносительно к их длительности или к результату действия:

I go to school every day. Я хожу в школу каждый день.

I went to school when I was a boy. Я ходил в школу, когда был мальчиком. I shall go to school when I grow up. Я буду ходить в школу, когда вырасту.

Для указания на повторный характер действия часто употребляются слова every day / week, month, year (каждый день / неделю, месяц, год), often (часто), seldom

(редко), always (всегда), usually (обычно), never (никогда).

Отрицательная и вопросительная формы в Indefinite образуются при помощи вспомогательных глаголов do, does, did с частицей not, краткая форма: don't, doesn't, didn't: We do not write much. – Do we write much?

He didn't like the film. – Did he like the film? – What film didn't he like?

По способу образования прошедшего времени все глаголы в английском языке можно разделить на две группы: правильные и неправильные (regular and irregular verbs). У правильных глаголов вторая и третья формы (Past Indefinite Tense и Past Participle – простое прошедшее время и причастие прошедшего

времени) совпадают между собой и образуются путем прибавления к основе глагола окончания -ed (-d):

to ask – asked, to change – changed, to receive – received to work – worked.

При этом существует ряд особенностей:

а) если глагол оканчивается на -у с предшествующей согласной, то буква у меняется на i и добавляется окончание -ed: to supply – supplied, to apply – applied;

б) если глагол оканчивается на -у с предшествующей гласной, то буква у не меняется и добавляется окончание -ed: to stay – stayed, to play – played;

в) если глагол оканчивается на согласную с предшествующим кратким гласным звуком, то согласная на конце удваивается: to stop – stopped.

Неправильные глаголы образуют вторую и третью формы различными способами, без четких правил. Эти формы следует сверять по словарю и учить наизусть. Для описания регулярно повторявшихся действий, которые происходили в прошлом, используются также глаголы used to или would:

I used to watch TV a lot. In summer we would get up early and go for a swim.

3. Выберите нужную форму глагола из предложенных в скобках:

1.It (is, was) Thursday yesterday.

2.Paul (drinks, drank) a cup of tea two hours ago.

3.She (listen, listened) to the music last week.

4.They (are, were) hungry after me last lesson.

5.There (was, were) no wine for breakfast.

6.Nobody (smokes, smoked) in the classroom last evening.

7.A few minutes later somebody (knocks, knocked) at the door

8.Who (enter, entered) the room 10 minutes ago?

9.It (was, were) time to leave.

10.Mr. Snow (turns, turned) on the radio half an hour ago.

11.They (pay, paid) the bill and (leave, left) the hotel last Friday

4. Прочитайте и переведите текст:

BANK ORGANIZATION

The type of economy in which a bank conducts its business determines the way in which it organizes and operates. A bank may not necessarily be in business to make a profit. Central banks, for example, provide a country with a number of services, while development banks exist to increase the economic growth of a country and raise the living standard of its population. On the other hand, the aim of commercial banks is to earn profits. They therefore provide and develop services that can be sold at a price that will yield a profit.

A commercial bank, which provides the same range of services year after year, is less successful than one, which assesses changes in the demand for its products. New services are constantly being introduced and developed by commercial banks. However, not every bank may want to offer every kind of financial service.

Many banks offer a combination of wholesale and retail banking. The former provides large-scale services to companies, government agencies and other banks. The latter mainly provides smaller-scale services to the public. Both types of banking have three essential functions: 1) deposits, 2) payments, 3) credits. These three functions are the basis of the services offered by banks. They make it possible for banks to generate profits and to achieve their operating aims.

Several factors have combined to make banking an international business. These include the growth of multinational companies and of international capital markets, and important improvements in communications and transportation. The major banks of the world have established extensive international operations by extending their own branch network abroad and correspondent relationships with foreign banks to develop profitable joint operations. The operations of these major commercial banks are dynamic and rapidly hanging, and their organization is of a global nature.

5. Поставьте глаголы, данные в скобках, в нужной форме:

1.The way in which a bank (to be organized) and (to operate) is determined by the type economy.

2.The aim of commercial banks (to be) to earn profits.

3.Banks (to assess) changes in the demand for their products.

4.These three functions (to be) the basis of the services offered by banks.

5.Several factors (to combine) to make banking an international business.

6.The operations of these major commercial banks (to be) dynamic.

6. Выберите переводы английских предложений:

7. Найдите в тексте предложения на темы:

1.Commercial banks.

2.International banking.

Рекомендуемая литература по теме (из списка): 1ОЛ (с.248-284), 1ДЛ (с.108121), 3 ДЛ (с.94-111), 4 ДЛ (10-45), 5-9 ДЛ.

МОДУЛЬ 9

1. Выучите слова и словосочетания по теме:

2. Повторите времена английского глагола. Приведите примеры, используя выученную лексику.

Глаголы в формах Continuous описывают действие как процесс, как длительность в определенный момент в прошлом, настоящем или будущем:

I am going to school (now). Я иду в школу в настоящий момент.

I was reading a book yesterday at 5 o'clock. Я читал книгу вчера в 5 часов.

I will be watching TV tomorrow at 7 o'clock. Я буду смотреть телевизор завтра в семь часов.

Помимо этой функции, глаголы в Present Continuous выражают действие, отнесенное в ближайшее будущее: We are leaving for Moscow in July. Мы уезжаем в Москву в июле.

Формы глагола в Present Continuous

Present Continuous употребляется для выражения действия, длящегося в настоящий момент (now, at the moment). С глаголами, которые обозначают не действие, а состояние (to feel, to be, to live, to stay, to hear, to see, to know, to remember, to think, to want, to like, to love) Present Continuous обычно не употребляется.

Формы глагола в Past Continuous

Past Continuous обычно употребляется для выражения конкретного действия, длившегося в точно указанный момент или период в прошлом.

Формы глагола в Future Continuous

Future Continuous употребляется для выражения действия, которое будет длиться в точно указанный момент или период в будущем.

3. Прочитайте и переведите текст:

INTEREST RATES

The Bank's influence on short term interest rates arises from its role in the domestic money markets. The Bank is able to forecast fairy accurately the pattern of flows between the government's accounts on the one hand and the commercial banks on the other.

When more money flows from the banks to the government than vice versa, the bank's holdings of liquid assets are run down and the money market finds itself short of funds.

When more money flows the other way, the market can be in cash surplus. However, the pattern of government and bank operations usually results in a shortage of cash in the market each day – a shortage that the Bank then relieves.

Because the Bank is me final provider of liquidity to the system, it can choose the interest rate at which it will provide funds each day.

Rather than deal directly with every individual bank, the Bank uses the discount house as an intermediary. These are highly specialized dealers. They hold large stock of commercial bills and the major banks place their surplus cash with them. The discount houses have borrowing facilities at the bank.

The Bank may provide cash either by purchasing securities from the houses, or by lending to them directly. The rates at which the Bank deals with the discount houses are