Материал: 2699

а) изменяется корневая гласная: a man – теп, a woman – women, a foot – feet, a tooth – teeth, a goose – geese, a mouse – mice.

б) добавляется окончание -еп: an ох – oxen, a child – children.

в) заимствуются формы единственного и множественного числа из латинского и греческого языков: a formula – formulae (formulas), a crisis – crises, a criterion – criteria, an index – indices, a bacterium – bacteria.

В английском языке есть существительные, которые имеют одну (общую) форму для единственного и множественного числа: a deer – deer, a sheep – sheep, a fish – fish, a swine – swine.

Некоторые существительные могут употребляться в форме только

3. Прочитайте и переведите текст:

MONEY

The work, which people undertake provides them with money. People buy essential commodities with money. In economic systems, all values are measured in terms of money. Goods and services are sold for other goods and services. Coins are adequate for small transactions, while paper notes are used for general business.

Originally, a valuable metal (gold, silver or copper) served as a constant store of value. National currencies have been for many years judged in terms of the so-called gold standard because gold is universally regarded as a very valuable metal.

Paper notes generally replaced valuable metal. These notes are issued by government and authorized banks, and are known as legal tender. Other arrangements such as cheques and money orders are not legal tender. They perform the function of money substitute and are known as instruments of credit.

Credit is offered only when creditors believe that they have a good chance of obtaining legal tender when they present such instruments at a bank. If the person's assets are known to be considerable, then his credit will be good. If his or her assets are in doubt, then it may be difficult for him or her to obtain large sums of credit or even to pay for goods with a cheque.

The value of money is its value as a medium of exchange or its purchasing power. This purchasing power is dependent on supply and demand. The demand for money is related to the rapidity with which the business is done. The supply of money is the actual amount in notes and coins available for business purposes. If too much money is available, its value decreased. This condition is known as inflation.

4. Завершите предложения:

1.People buy ...

2.Our goods and services are...

3.A valuable metal served...

4.Cheques and money orders are...

5.This purchasing power is...

6.The demand for money is...

7.The supply of money is ...

8.This condition is...

5. Согласитесь с утверждением или опровергните высказывание:

1.All values are measured in terms of money.

2.Money is not exchanged for other goods and services.

3.Paper notes are used for general business.

4.These notes are issued by creditors.

5.Cheques and money orders are known as 'instruments of credit.

6.If a man's assets are considerable, then his credit will be good.

7.If too much money is available, its value increases.

6. Найдите в тексте ответы на вопросы:

1.What do people do with money?

2.What currencies are considered to be strong?

3.What is legal tender?

4.What are the instruments of credit?

5.Who can obtain large sums of credit?

6.What is known as inflation?

7.Выберите нужную форму глагола.

1.The money (is, are) on the desk.

2.Where (is, are) the money? – Here (is, are) the money.

3.The news (is, are) very good.

4.There (is, are) no news.

5.He gave me (a piece, pieces) of good advice.

6.What (is, are) the news?

Рекомендуемая литература по теме (из списка): 1.ОЛ (с.7-42), 1.ДЛ (с.3-17), 3.

ДЛ (с.2-10), 7-9 ДЛ.

МОДУЛЬ 2

1. Выучите слова и словосочетания по теме:

2. Повторите правила и приведите примеры личных и указательных местоимений.

Местоимения употребляются в предложении вместо имени существительного или имени прилагательного. Местоимение называет людей, предметы или признаки уже упомянутые ранее. Например:

Личные местоимения (Personal pronouns)

Слова, обозначающие мужчин (man, boy, son, husband, king), относятся к мужскому роду и заменяются местоимением he (он). Слова, обозначающие женщин (girl, woman, daughter, queen) относятся к женскому роду и заменяются местоимением she (она). Слова, обозначающие вещи (table, chair, book, clock) относятся к среднему роду, и заменяются местоимением it. Местоимение they (они) относится ко всем трем родам. После местоимения you глагол-сказуемое всегда стоит во множественном числе: You are a student. Ты студент.

Склонение личных местоимений

Указательные местоимения (Demonstrative рronouns)

Указательные местоимения this и that имеют единственное и множественное

Указательное местоимение such имеет одну неизменяемую форму. Например: I like such books. Мне нравятся такие книги.

3. Прочитайте и переведите текст:

MANAGEMENT

Management is the art of getting things done through other people. It includes the personnel who have the right to make decisions that influence company's affairs.

There are three management levels: top management, middle management and operating management. Top management includes the president, vice presidents, and the general manager. Middle management includes department managers and plant managers. Operating management includes supervisors, foremen, etc.

The most important responsibility of any manager is decision making. Successful management is a skill of choosing from alternatives.

Decision makings are divided into: recognizing the problem, defining and analyzing the problem, evaluating alternative solutions, choosing the most favourable solution and implementing the approach chosen.

Management functions are planning, organizing, directing, controlling, staffing and innovating. It should be noted that successful management is based on three basic elements: leadership, motivation and communication.

To operate a successful business one should have management skills because effective management is the key to business success.

4. Напишите предложения в отрицательной форме, обратите внимание на выделенныеглаголы:

1.You get things done through other people.

2.They have the right to make decisions.

3.Those decisions influenced company's affairs last year.

4.There are three management levels.

5.Operating management includes the president and the general manager.

6.He has already made the decision.

7.Decision makings are divided into several steps.

8.They chose the most favourable solution.

9.Successful management is based on three elements.

10.To operate a business one should have management skills.

11.They are constantly planning, organizing and controlling something.

5. Ответьте на вопросы:

1.What is management?

2.What right have the personnel of the company?

3.What are three management levels?

4.What people do we call top management?

5.Whom does middle management includes?

6.What management do supervisors belong to?

7.What is the most important responsibility of any manager?

8.Who chooses from alternatives in business?

9.What is decision making?

10.What decisions do the managers make?

11.What are the functions of management?

6.Выпишите из текста предложения на темы:

1) Management levels.

2) Decision making.

3) Management functions.

7.Выберите нужную форму местоимения:

1.Where's that naughty dog? We can't find him___________. a) somewhere b) anywhere c) nowhere

2.We've done___________ possible. But all in vain.

a) something b) anything c) everything

3. There was__________ in the room. It was empty. a) nobody b)anybody c) somebody

4.I couldn't see_________ in the dark. a) someone b) anything c) everyone

5.____should be present at the meeting. A very serious question will be discussed. a) someone b) any one c) everyone

6.Where's my wallet? I put it_________ over here.

a) somewhere b) anywhere c) nowhere

7.Can I do___________ to improve the situation? a) something b) anything c) everything

8.I've heard________ about this project but I don't know all the details. a) something b) anything c) everything

9) ______ was noticed leaving the house that night apart from Mr. Blake himself. Not a single person.

a) Someone b) No one c) Everyone

10.______who was present at the party was questioned by the Inspector. All of them were suspected.

a) Everybody b) Nobody c) Someone

Рекомендуемая литература по теме (из списка): 1.ОЛ (с.43-78), 1.ДЛ (с.18-31),

3.ДЛ (с.11-25), 7-9 ДЛ.