Материал: 1764
ИНСТИНКТЫ
1. Изучите сочетаемостные возможности лексемы instinct, выпишите полезные для описания личности словосочетания:
deep, powerful, strong \ gut \ first, initial \ good, unerring \ base \ basic \ natural \ primitive \ creative \ aggressive, competitive \ maternal, mothering, protective \
fighting, hunting, |
killer, |
predatory (often figurative)\ survival |
\ herd \ sexual \ |
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business, commercial, political \ animal, human + instinct |
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have \ lack \ develop |
\ follow, go on, obey, rely on, trust |
\ ignore, suppress \ |
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satisfy \ appeal to \ share + instinct |
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описание |
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Instinct + tell sb sth \ guide sb \ take over \ be right/wrong |
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by \ on + instinct |
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instinct + for |
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2. Перевед те предложения на русский язык. Выпишите то, что |
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поможет вам постро ть |
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знакомого или воображаемого человека с |
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точки зрен я его |
нст нктивного поведения: |
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What makes all theseАpeople come to the club? In my view it's the herd instinct. In negotiating you have to develop an instinct for when to be tough and when to
His first instinct was to run away from danger.
Against her better instincts, she ran back into the burning house to save some of
her jewellery.
He had an unerring instinct for when people were lying to him.
make a deal.
He plays well but lacks that killer instinct that wins matches. Д
Why don't you just follow your natural instincts?
They accused the campaign of appealing to the electorate's baser instincts.
Both superpowers shared the same instinct for self-preservation.
Her instinct told her that she was being followed.
Artists have to learn to be guided by their instincts.
Her instincts took over and she dived on the escaping thief. |
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I've trusted my instincts in the past and they've usually been right. |
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Babies know by instinct who their mother is. |
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I acted purely on instinct. |
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He's got an instinct for survival in a tough job.
3.Постройте опорную схему, отражающую состав инстинктов и их проявления.
4.Прочитайте, переведите текст и постройте опорную схему, отображающую содержание текста. Разверните полученную схему в текст.
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Since the time of Darwin, two interpretations of instinct have predominated. The first view emphasizes the urge, energy, drive, impetus, or motivation behind behavior. Thus, one reads about the «maternal instinct», «territorial instinct,» or «sex instinct.» Influential adherents of this view, such as Freud, James, and McDougall were impressed by the fact that, while the behavior used to attain a goal or satisfaction could vary greatly, similar motivations and the discharge of
Сsome kind of internal tension or energy were involved.
The second interpretation restricts the term «instinct» to instinctive behavior.
It emphasizes specific motor patterns, such as prey killing, courtship, and nest building, as well as the stimuli that trigger them. In many animals highly stereotyped behaviors (called species-specific behavior) common to all members of the species often appear in virtually complete form in the absence of any obvious opportunities to learn them. For example, ducklings reared apart from their parents walk, peck, swim, and recognize the maternal call. This more objective use
и of «instinct», unlikeбthe first, could not deal adequately with the variability and
modifiability of behavior seen in many mammals, including monkeys and humans. Today much evidence has accumulated that shows that «instinct» encompasses an enormous range of mechanisms underlying behavior and its development. Although all behavior is to some extent influenced and shaped by innate (genetic)
and environmental factors, «instinct» is more and more used today to connote the natural behavior of animals (from sea slugs to humans) upon which natural selection must have acted.
АVOCABULARY
to be hailed as – приветствоваться в качествеД
...to be condemned as a meaningless hangover from the scientific dark ages – зд.
быть осужденным как пережиток научного мракобесия (Средневековья) unconscious or habitual acts – бессознательные или действия, совершаемые по привычке И influential adherents – влиятельные сторонники (поборники)
to attain a goal or satisfaction... – достигать цели или удовлетворения to emphasize – акцентировать, придавать значение
motor patterns – стереотипы моторного поведения
prey killing, courtship, and nest building – убийство добычи, ухаживание за особями противоположного пола и постройка гнезда
to trigger – запускать, включать
virtually complete form – практически завершенная форма ducklings – утята
to walk – ходить to peck – клевать
recognize the maternal call – узнавать материнский зов mammals – млекопитающие
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scientists considered instinct a dead issue – зд. ученые считали инстинкт темой,
снятой с повестки дня (дословно – мертвой темой)
distinction is far from absolute – различие, далекое от идеального
...encompasses an enormous range of mechanisms underlying behavior and its development – включает в себя огромный массив механизмов, лежащих в
основе поведения и его развития |
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to connote – ассоциировать, связывать |
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sea slugs – морские слизняки |
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reconsideration – переосмысливание |
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5. оставьте предложен я со следующими фразами: |
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To attain a goal or satisfaction; |
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To trigger; |
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Mammals; |
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To connote: |
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Reconsideration; |
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Innateиand environmental factors; |
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Specific motor patterns; |
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Deal adequately with; |
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The natural behaviour of animals. |
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МНЕНИЯ |
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1. Изучите сочетаемостные возможности лексемы opinion, |
выпишите |
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полезные для описания личности словосочетания: |
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Opinion is what you Аthink about sb/sth |
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good, high \ low, poor \ strong \conflicting, different, mixed \ honest |
\ expert, |
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informed, professional \ considered \ personal, |
subjective \objective |
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contrary, |
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dissenting \ majority \ minority \ second + opinion |
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entertain, have, hold \ air, express, give (sb), offer (sb), pass, state, venture, |
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voice \ ask sb, seek \ get \ form \ change + opinion |
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Opinion + change \ differ, vary |
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in your + opinion |
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Opinion + about/on\ as to\ of |
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PHRASES
be of the opinion that … (formal) (= to believe or think that) a difference of opinion
in my humble opinion (humorous) a matter of opinion
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Opinion is what people in general think about sth
prevailing \ general, popular, |
public \ international, local, national \ expert, |
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informed, professional \academic, legal, medical, political + opinion |
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mould, shape + opinion |
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Opinion + be against sth, be in favour of sth \ be divided |
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Opinion + poll \ former, leader |
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Opinion + among |
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PHRASES |
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climate of opinion |
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shades of opinion |
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описание |
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2. Перевед те предложения на русский язык. Выпишите то, что |
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поможет вам постро ть |
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знакомого или воображаемого человека с |
точки зрен я его мнен й, у еждений: |
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Opinions are mixed regarding genetically-modified food.
If you want my honest opinion, I think the book is awful.
If in doubt about your diagnosis, get a second opinion.
The bishop spoke without passing any opinion on the scandal.
opinions as to the meritsАof the scheme He has a very high opinion of your work.
He asked me for my opinion on the course.
I formed the opinion that he was not to be trusted.
Opinions differ as to when this wine should be drunk.
In my opinion, golf is a dull sport.
She holds strong opinions on education
Contrary to popular opinion, many adultДcats dislike milk.
…a genuine difference of opinion between the experts ‘London is wonderful.’ ‘That's a matter of opinion.’
This view is supported by a growing body of professional opinion. …attempts to shape public opinion
Prevailing local opinion is against the new road proposals. |
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Public opinion is divided on the subject of capital punishment. |
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Opinion among doctors is that the medication is safe. |
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… in the present climate of opinion |
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…all shades of political opinion |
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3. Прочитайте, переведите текст и постройте опорную схему, отображающую содержание текста. Разверните полученную схему в текст.
An opinion is a judgment, viewpoint, or statement that is not conclusive.
A given opinion may deal with subjective matters in which there is no conclusive finding, or it may deal with facts which are sought to be disputed by the logical fallacy that one is entitled to their opinions.
Distinguishing fact from opinion is that facts are verifiable, i.e. can be agreed to by the consensus of experts. An example is: "United States of America was involved in the Vietnam War," versus "United States of America was right to get involved in the Vietnam War". An opinion may be supported by facts and principles, in which case it becomes an argument.
Different people may draw opposing conclusions (opinions) even if they agree |
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on the same set of facts. Opinions rarely change without new arguments being |
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presented. It can be reasoned that one opinion is better supported by the facts than |
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another, by analyzing the supporting arguments. |
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In |
casual |
use, |
the |
term opinion may |
be |
the |
result |
of |
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person'sиperspective, understanding, particular feelings, beliefs, and desires. The term |
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may also refer to unsubstantiated information, in contrast to knowledge and fact. |
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Though not hard fact, collective opinions or professional opinions are defined as |
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б meeting a higher standard toАsubstantiate the opinion.
"The scientific opinion" (or scientific consensus) can be compared to "the public
opinion" and generally refers to the collection of the opinions of many different scientific organizations and entities and individual scientists in the relevant field. Science may often, however, be "partial, temporally contingent, conflicting, and
uncertain"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OpinionД- cite note-Wynne-2 so that there may be no
accepted consensus for a particular situation. In other circumstances, a particular scientific opinion may be at odds with consensus.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opinion - cite_note-Wynne-2 Scientific literacy, also called public understanding of science, is an educational goal concerned with providing the public with the necessary tools to benefit from scientific opinion.
4. Переведите, дайте определение понятий, найдите в словаре антонимы: an opinion –
fact – |
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principle – |
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argument – |
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support – |
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belief – |
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desire – |
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information – |
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a scientific opinion – |
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contingent – |
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scientific literacy – |
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consensus – |
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