2. Переведите предложения на русский язык. Выпишите то, что поможет вам построить описание знакомого или воображаемого человека с точки зрения его волеизъявлений:
…her indomitable will to win
His unassuming matter concealed an iron will.
Is that the general will, that we keep the present voting arrangements? СThe government lacked the political will to reform the tax system.
She's got a very strong will.
She's lost the will to try and change things. Constant rejection has sapped her will.
иShe usually manages to impose her will on the rest of the group. They were taught to obey their father's will without question.
My father didn't want me to leave home, and I didn't like to go against his will. Much against my will, I let him go.
She believesбemployers should have the right to hire and fire at will. It requires an act of will to make myself go running in the morning. The meeting turned out to be a clash of wills.
With a great effort of will he resisted her pleas.
She left of her own free will.
3. Переведите: А
She gradually regained the will to live.
1. volition [və'lɪʃ(ə)n]
2. commit to [kə'mɪt]
3. striving ['straɪvɪŋ]
4. colloquial [kə'ləukwɪəl]
5. immanent ['ɪmənənt]
6. prodigious [prə'dɪʤəs] |
Д |
7. retentive [rɪ'tentɪv] |
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8. jog [ʤɔg] |
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9. dim [dɪm] |
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10. hazy ['heɪzɪ] |
И |
11. vivid ['vɪvɪd] |
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12. embarrassing [ɪm'bærəsɪŋ] |
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13. abiding [ə'baɪdɪŋ] |
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14. enduring [ɪn'djuərɪŋ] |
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15. lingering ['lɪŋg(ə)rɪŋ] |
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4. Постройте опорную схему, показывающую разные ситуации и соответствующие им волеизъявления человека.
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5. Прочитайте, переведите текст и постройте опорную схему, отображающую содержание текста. Разверните полученную схему в текст.
Volition or will is the cognitive process by which an individual decides on and commits to a particular course of action. It is defined as purposive striving and is one
Сprocesses can be applied consciously or they can be automated as habits over time. Most modern conceptions of volition address it as a process of conscious action
control which becomes automated.
Willpower and volition are colloquial and scientific terms (respectively) for the same process. When a person makes up his mind to do a thing, that state is termed 'immanent volition'. When we put forth any particular act of choice, that act is called
childhood, early \ dim, distant, fading, hazy, vague \ clear, vivid \ affectionate, |
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fond, good, happy, lovely, nostalgic, pleasant, positive, precious, sweet, warm, |
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wonderful \ bitter-sweet \ bad, bitter, disturbing, embarrassing,Иhorrific, painful, sad, |
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traumatic, unhappy, unpleasant \ abiding, enduring, lasting, lingering + memory |
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bring back, evoke, rekindle, revive, stir (up) \ blot out |
+ memory |
Memory + come flooding back, flood back |
include affect (feeling or |
in + memory + of |
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Memory + from \ of |
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of the primary human psychological functions. Others |
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emotion), motivation (goals and expectations), and cognition (thinking). Volitional |
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и object sought forбby the governing or predominant volition.
an emanate, executive, or imperative volition. When an immanent or settled state of choice controls or governs a series of actions, that state is termed predominant
volition. Subordinate volitions are particular acts of choice which carry into effect the
П МЯТЬ
1. Изучите сочетаемостные возможности лексемы memory, выпишите полезные для описания личности словосочетания:
Memory as an ability to remember |
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excellent, good, long, prodigious, retentive \ bad, poor, short \ long-term, short- |
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term \ visual \ photographicА+ memory |
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jog, refresh \ lose \ commit smth. to + memory |
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from \ for + memory |
Д |
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PHRASES |
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in living/recent memory |
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Memory as a thought of the past |
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2. Переведите предложения на русский язык. Выпишите то, что поможет вам построить описание знакомого или воображаемого человека с точки зрения особенностей его памяти:
His short-term memory was damaged in the accident. Bad spellers have a weak visual memory.
Seeing your name in the paper jogged my memory. Most people start to lose their memory as they get older
СI committed the number to memory and threw the letter away. He recited the whole poem from memory.
I have a good memory for faces. …the coldest winter in living memory
и He plantedбsome apple trees in memory of his wife.
My earliest childhood memory is of falling in a pond in winter.
My abiding memory of our first meeting is of a girl too shy to talk.
He tried to blot out his memories of the ordeal.
When we visited my old family home, memories came flooding back.
Smells and tastes often evoke memories from the past. … fond memories of her childhood
3. Представьте класс фикацию воспоминаний в виде опорной схемы.
4. Прочитайте, переведите текст и постройте опорную схему, отображающую содержание текста. Разверните полученную схему в текст.
retrieved when needed. А
Memory is the faculty of the brain by which information is encoded, stored, and
Д Often memory is understood as an informational Иprocessing system with explicit
Memory is vital to experiences; it is the retention of information over time for
the purpose of influencing future action.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memory - cite_note-1 If
we could not remember past events, we could not learn or develop language,
relationships, or personal identity.
and implicit functioning that is made up of a sensory processor, shortterm (or working) memory, and long-term memory. This can be related to the neuron. The sensory processor allows information from the outside world to be sensed in the form of chemical and physical stimuli and attended to with various levels of focus and intent. Working memory serves as an encoding and retrieval processor. Information in the form of stimuli is encoded in accordance with explicit or implicit functions by the working memory processor. The working memory also retrieves information from previously stored material. Finally, the function of long-term memory is to store data through various categorical models or systems.
Memory is not a perfect processor, and is affected by many factors. The ways by which information is encoded, stored, and retrieved can all be corrupted. The amount of attention given new stimuli can diminish the amount of information that becomes encoded for storage. Also, the storage process can become corrupted by physical damage to areas of the brain that are associated with memory storage, such as the
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hippocampus. Finally, the retrieval of information from long-term memory can be disrupted because of decay within long-term memory (Eysenck, 2012). Normal functioning, decay over time, and brain damage all affect the accuracy and capacity of memory.
Memory loss is usually described as forgetfulness or amnesia.
Sensory memory holds sensory information less than one second after an item is Сperceived. The ability to look at an item and remember what it looked like with just a split second of observation, or memorization, is the example of sensory memory. It is
out of cognitive control and is an automatic response. With very short presentations, participants often report that they seem to "see" more than they can actually report.
Laboratories,иconducted experiments showing that the store of short-term memory was 7±2 items б(the title of his famous paper, "The magical number 7±2"). Modern estimates of the capacity of short-term memory are lower, typically of the order of 4–
Short-term memory is also known as working memory. Short-term memory allows recall for a period of several seconds to a minute without rehearsal. Its
capacity is also very limited: George A. Miller (1956), when working at Bell
5 items;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memory - cite_note-Cowan_2019-4 however, memory
capacity can be increased through a process called chunking. For example, in recalling a ten-digit telephone number, a person could chunk the digits into three groups: first, the area code (such as 123), then a three-digit chunk (456) and lastly a four-digit chunk (7890). This method of remembering telephone numbers is far more effective than attempting to remember a string of 10 digits; this is because we are able to chunk the information into meaningful groups of numbers. This may be
reflected in some countries in the tendency to display telephone numbers as several |
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chunks of two to four numbers. |
Д |
The storage in sensoryАmemory and short-term memory generally has a strictly |
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limited capacity and duration, which means that information, is not retained indefinitely. By contrast, long-term memory can store much larger quantities of information for potentially unlimited duration (sometimes a whole life span). Its capacity is immeasurable. For example, given a randomИseven-digit number we may remember it for only a few seconds before forgetting, suggesting it was stored in our short-term memory. On the other hand, we can remember telephone numbers for many years through repetition; this information is said to be stored in long-term memory.
While short-term memory encodes information acoustically, long-term memory encodes it semantically: after 20 minutes, test subjects had the most difficulty recalling a collection of words that had similar meanings (e.g. big, large, great, huge) long-term. Another part of long-term memory is episodic memory, which attempts to capture information such as 'what', 'when' and 'where'. With episodic memory, individuals are able to recall specific events such as birthday parties and weddings.
Researchers distinguish between recognition and recall memory. Recognition memory tasks require individuals to indicate whether they have encountered a stimulus (such as a picture or a word) before. Recall memory tasks require participants to retrieve previously learned information. For example, individuals
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might be asked to produce a series of actions they have seen before or to say a list of words they have heard before.
5. Обратите внимание на лексемы к тексту: retention [rɪ'ten(t)ʃ(ə)n] 1) а) удерживание, сохранение
explicit [ɪk'splɪsɪt ], [ek-] 1) ясный, подробный; подробно разработанный; высказанный до конца; явный;
Сneuron ['njuərɔn] ; нейрон
intent [ɪn'tent] 1. 1) намерение, умысел, замысел, цель; желание; retrieval [rɪ'triːv(ə)l] 1) а) возврат, возвращение; восстановление;
б) способность восстанавливаться; 2) поиск, извлечение имплицитныйimplicit [ɪm'plɪsɪt] 1) подразумеваемый, не выраженный явно, скрытый;
corrupted [kə'rʌpt] 1. 1) испорченный, порочный, безнравственный Syn: spoiled , broken , depraved, perverted; 2) коррумпированный, продажный
2.разделенбе (программы) на куски (с целью выделения модулей) II формирование фрагментовА(знаний в СИИ); образование блоков (информации)
11.retain [rɪ'teɪn] 1) а) держать; удерживать, аккумулировать, вмещать; б) сохранять; удерживать; 2) помнить, держать в памяти
12.immeasurable [ɪ'meʒ(ə)rəbl] неизмеримый, безмерный, большой, громадный
6.Запомните фразы: Д
1.bits of information
2.location of memory
3.nervous system
4.surfaces of cells И
5.remote travel
6.stress hormones
7.tend to stand in our memory
8.perceive as important
9.emotional survival
10.personal importance
11.first and last
12.word association
13.maintain normalcy
14.is entrenched into memory
15.subconscious
16.accessing information
17.forgotten or repressed
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