5 Целью этих мероприятий было ознакомление с основными данными по определенной этнической группе или географической местности посредством демонстрации фильмов, снятых антропологами, съемочной группой и актерами, наряду с фильмами, созданными членами исследуемой группы. Для информации см. сайт Comitй du Film Ethnographique (2016).
6 Прикладная визуальная антропология включает в себя разнообразные формы деятельности, связанные так тесно, что они «используют визуальную антропологическую теорию, методологию и практику для достижения прикладных неакадемических целей» (Pink 2006: 87). В то же время эти проекты потенциально могут снова обратиться к науке, внося вклад в построение теории и инновационной методологии (Pink 2009: 25).
7 Одним из подобных проектов, которому обычно приписывают большой вклад в развитие ВВ, является «Процесс Фого» (Fogo Process), ставший частью программы «Challenge for Change» Канадского национального управления кинематографии (NFB) (см.: Lunch & Lunch 2006; White 2003b; Frantz 2007).
8 В Анголе я решил попробовать другой подход, поскольку создание тематически сфокусированного фильма показалось мне более интересным с точки зрения кино. Коллега с проекта TFO, проводивший антропологическое исследование в этой местности, ска-зал мне, что пчелы являются здесь важным средством существования и источником прибыли. В связи с этим я спросил участников, хотели бы они снять фильм «Мёд». Они подтвердили значимость проблемы и решили сделать фильм о различных аспектах пчеловодства.
9 В Анголе мы наняли молодого человека, свободно владевшего чокве и португальским, для перевода и консультирования по вопросам культуры во время монтажа.
Литература
Arnstein Sh. A Ladder of Citizen Participation // The City Reader. Stout / Eds. by F. & R. T. Le Gates. New York ; London: Routledge, 2007. P. 244-255.
Aufderheide P. The Video in the Villages Project: Videomaking with and by Brazilian Indians // Visual Anthropology Review. 1995. № 11 (2). Р. 83-93.
Braden S. Video for Development. A Casebook from Vietnam. Oxford: Oxfam, 1998.
Cleaver F. Paradoxes of Participation: Questioning Participatory Approaches to Development // Journal of International Development. 1999. № 11. Р. 597-612.
Writing Culture: The Poetics and Politics of Ethnography / Eds. by J. Clifford, G. Marcus. University of California Press, 1986.
Comitй du Film Ethnographique. Regards Comparйs. 2016. URL: http://comiteduflmeth nographique.com/regards-compares (accessed 15.04.2016).
Cooke B., Kothari U. The Case for Participation as Tyranny // Participation: The New Tyranny? / Eds. by B. Cooke, U. Kothari. London ; New York: Zed Books. 2004. P. XII. 207 s.
Crawford P.I. Nature and Advocacy in Ethnographic Film: The Case of Kayapф Imagery // Advocacy and Indignous Filmmaking / Eds. by H.H. Philippsen, B. Markussen. Hojbjerg: Intervention Press, 1995. P. 7-22.
D 'engelbronner-kolff F.M. A Web of Legal Cultures: Dispute Resolution Processes Amongst the Sambyu of Northern Namibia. Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, 2001.
Durington M. Participatory and Applied Visual Anthropology with the Botswana San // Visual Interventions: Applied Visual Anthropology. Studies in Applied Anthropology / Ed. by
S. Pink. Oxford: Berghahn, 2009. Vol. 4. P. 191-207.
Elder S. Collaborative Filmmaking: An Open Space for Making Meaning, a Moral Ground for Ethnographic Film // Visual Anthropology Review. 1995. № 11 (2). Р. 94-101.
Englehart L. Media Activism in the Screening Room: The Signfcance of Viewing Locations, Facilitation and Audience Dynamics in the Reception of HIV/AIDS Films in South Africa // Visual Anthropology Review. 2003. № 19 (1-2). Р. 73-85.
Faris J. Anthropological Transparency: Film, Representation and Politics // Film as Ethnography / Eds. by P.I. Crawford, D. Turton. Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1992. P. 171-182.
Ferguson J. The Anti-Politics Machine: «Development», Depoliticization, and Bureaucratic Power in Lesotho. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2007.
Flores C. Sharing Anthropology: Collaborative Video Experiences among Maya Film-Makers in Post-War Guatemala // Visual Interventions: Applied Visual Anthropology. Studies in Applied Anthropology / Ed. by S. Pink. Oxford: Berghahn, 2009. Vol. 4. P. 209-223.
FoucaultM. Discipline & Punish: The Birth of the Prison. New York: Vintage Books, 1995.
Foucault M. Power / Knowledge: Selected Interviews and Other Writings 1972-1977. Harlow: Pearson Education, 2010.
Frantz J. Using Participatory Video to Enrich Planning Processes // Planning Theory & Practice. 2007. № 8 (1). Р. 103-107.
Freire P. Pдdagogik Der Unterdrьckten: Bildung Als Praxis Der Freiheit. Reinbek: Rowohlt, 1977.
Giddens A. The Constitution of Society: Outline of the Theory of Structuration. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1984.
Ginsburg F. The Parallax Effect: The Impact of Aboriginal Media on Ethnographic Film // Visual Anthropology Review. 1995. № 11 (2). Р. 64-76.
Ginsburg F. Indigenous Media: Faustian Contract or Global Village? // Cultural Anthropology. 1991. № 6 (1). Р. 92-112.
Ginsburg F. Native Intelligence: A Short History of Debates on Indigenous Media and Ethnographic Film // Made to Be Seen: Perspectives on the History of Visual Anthropology / Eds. by J. Ruby, M. Banks. Chicago ; London: University of Chicago Press, 2011.Ginsburg F., Abu-lughod L., Larkin B. Introduction // Media Worlds: Anthropology on New Terrain / Eds. by F. Ginsburg, L. Abu-Lughod, B. Larkin. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2002. P. 1-36.
Goffman E. Wir Alle Spielen Theater: Die Selbstdarstellung Im Alltag. Mьnchen: Piper, 2010.
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Gruber M. Liparu Lyetu - Our Life. Participatory Ethnographic Filmmaking in Applied Contexts. Bremen: University of Bremen, 2015.
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Henley P. Putting Film to Work: Observational Cinema as Practical Ethnography // Working Images: Visual Research and Representation in Ethnography / Eds. by S. Pink, L. Kьrti, A.I. Afonso. London ; New York: Routledge, 2004. P. 109-130.
Henley P. The Adventure of the Real: Jean Rouch and the Craft of Ethnographic Cinema. Chicago; London: University of Chicago Press, 2009.
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Loizos P. Innovation in Ethnographic Film from Innocence to Self-Consciousness, 19551985. Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1993.
Lunch N., Lunch C. Insight into Participatory Video. A Handbook or the Field. Oxford: In- sightshare, 2006.
Macdougall D. Media Friend or Media Foe? // Visual Anthropology. 1987. № 1 (1). P. 54-58.
Macdougall D. Complicities of Style // Film as Ethnography / Eds. by P.I. Crawford, D. Tur- ton. Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1992. P. 90-98.
Macdougall D. Beyond Observational Cinema // Principles of Visual Anthropology / Ed. by P. Hockings. Berlin; New York de Gruyter, 1995. P. 115-133.
Menter H., RoaM.C., Beccera O.F., Roa C., Celemin W. Using Participatory Video to Develop Youth Leadership Skills in Colombia // Participatory Learning and Action. 2006. № 55 (December). P. 107-114.
Michaels E. The Aboriginal Invention of Television in Central Australia. 1982-1986. Australian Inst. of Aboriginal Studies. 1986.
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Nichols B. The Ethnographer's Tale // Visual Anthropology Review. 1991. № 7 (2). P. 31-47.
Nigg H., Wade G. Community Media: Community Communication in the United Kingdom - Video, Local T. V., Film and Photography. Zьrich: Regenbogen-Verlag, 1980.
Oakley P. Projects with People: The Practice of Participation in Rural Development. Geneva: International Labour Offce, 1991.
Pink S. The Future of Visual Anthropology: Engaging the Senses. Routledge, 2006.
Pink S. Applied Visual Anthropology. Social Interventions and Visual Methodologies // Visual Interventions: Applied Visual Anthropology / Ed. by S. Pink. Oxford: Berghahn, 2009. P. 3-28.
Rouch J. Cine-Ethnography. University of Minnesota Press, 2003.
Ruby J. Picturing Culture: Explorations of Film & Anthropology. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2000.
Russell W.A., Wickson F., Carew A.L. Transdisciplinarity: Context, Contradictions and Capacity // Futures. 2008. № 40 (5). Р. 460-472.
Sjoberg J. Ethnofction: Drama as a Creative Research Practice in Ethnographic Film // Journal of Media Practice. 2008. № 9 (3). Р. 229-242.
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Stadler J. Narrative, Understanding and Identification in Steps for the Future: HIV/AIDS Documentaries // Visual Anthropology Review. 2003. № 19 (1-2). Р. 86-101.
Stoller P. The Cinematic Griot: The Ethnography of Jean Rouch. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1992.
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Turner T. Defant Images: The Kayapo Appropriation of Video // Anthropology Today. 1992. № 8 (6). Р. 5-16.
Turner T. Representation, Collaboration and Mediation in Contemporary Ethnographic and Indigenous Media // Visual Anthropology Review. 1995. № 11 (2). Р. 102-106.
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References
Amstein, Sh. A Ladder of Citizen Participation, The City Reader. Stout, F. & R. T. Le Gates (eds.). New York & London: Routledge. 2007, pp. 244-255.
Aufderheide, P. The Video in the Villages Project: Videomaking with and by Brazilian Indians, Visual Anthropology Review, 1995, no. 11(2), pp. 83-93.
Braden, S. Video for Development. A Casebook from Vietnam. Oxford: Oxfam, 1998.
Cleaver, F. Paradoxes of Participation: Questioning Participatory Approaches to Development, Journal of International Development, 1999, no. 11, pp. 597-612.
Clifford, J., Marcus, G. eds. Writing Culture: The Poetics and Politics of Ethnography. University of California Press, 1986.
Comitй du Film Ethnographique. Regards Comparйs. 2016. Available at:
http://comiteduflmethnographique. com/regards-compares (Accessed 15 April 2016).
Cooke, B., Kothari, U. The Case for Participation as Tyranny, Participation: The New Tyranny? Cooke, B. & U. Kothari (eds.). London & New York: Zed Books, 2004, P. XII, 207 p.
Crawford, P.I. Nature and Advocacy in Ethnographic Film: The Case of Kayapo Imagery, Advocacy andIndignous Filmmaking. Philippsen, H. H. & B. Markussen (eds.). Hojbjerg: Intervention Press,1995, pp. 7-22.
D'engelbronner-kolff, F.M. A Web of Legal Cultures: Dispute Resolution Processes Amongst the Sambyu of Northern Namibia. Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, 2001.
Durington, M. Participatory and Applied Visual Anthropology with the Botswana San., Visual Interventions: Applied Visual Anthropology. Studies in Applied Anthropology, Vol. 4. Pink, S. (ed.). Oxford: Berghahn, 2009, pp. 191-207.
Elder, S. Collaborative Filmmaking: An Open Space for Making Meaning, a Moral Ground for Ethnographic Film, Visual Anthropology Review, 1995, no. 11(2), pp. 94-101.
Englehart, L. Media Activism in the Screening Room: The Signfcance of Viewing Locations, Facilitation and Audience Dynamics in the Reception of HIV/AIDS Films in South Africa, Visual Anthropology Review, 2003, no. 19 (1-2), pp. 73-85.
Faris, J. Anthropological Transparency: Film, Representation and Politics, Film as Ethnography. Crawford, P. I. & D. Turton (eds.). Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1992, pp. 171-182.
Ferguson, J. The Anti-Politics Machine: «Development», Depoliticization, and Bureaucratic Power in Lesotho. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2007.
Flores, C. Sharing Anthropology: Collaborative Video Experiences among Maya FilmMakers in Post-War Guatemala, Visual Interventions: Applied Visual Anthropology. Studies in Applied Anthropology, Vol. 4, Pink, S. (ed.). Oxford: Berghahn, 2009, pp. 209-223.
Foucault, M. Discipline & Punish: The Birth of the Prison. New York: Vintage Books. 1995.
Foucault, M. Power/Knowledge: Selected Interviews and Other Writings 1972-1977. Harlow: Pearson Education, 2010.
Frantz, J. Using Participatory Video to Enrich Planning Processes, Planning Theory & Practice, 2007, no. 8 (1), pp. 103-107.
Freire, P. Pдdagogik Der Unterdrьckten: Bildung Als Praxis Der Freiheit. Reinbek: Rowohlt, 1977.
Giddens, A. The Constitution of Society: Outline of the Theory of Structuration. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1984.
Ginsburg, F. Indigenous Media: Faustian Contract or Global Village?, Cultural Anthropology, 1991, no. 6 (1), pp. 92-112.
Ginsburg, F. Native Intelligence: A Short History of Debates on Indigenous Media and Ethnographic Film, Made to Be Seen: Perspectives on the History of Visual Anthropology. Ruby, J. & M. Banks (eds.). Chicago and London: University of Chicago Press, 2011.
Ginsburg, F. The Parallax Effect: The Impact of Aboriginal Media on Ethnographic Film, Visual Anthropology Review, 1995, no. 11 (2), pp. 64-76.
Ginsburg, F., Abu-lughod, L., Larkin, B. Introduction, Media Worlds : Anthropology on New Terrain. Ginsburg, F., L. Abu-Lughod & B. Larkin (eds.). Berkeley: University of California Press, 2002, pp. 1-36.
Goffman, E. Wir Alle Spielen Theater: Die Selbstdarstellung Im Alltag. Mьnchen: Piper, 2010.
Grimshaw, A. The Ethnographer's Eye: Ways of Seeing in Modern Anthropology. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2001.
Gruber, M. Liparu Lyetu - Our Life. Participatory Ethnographic Filmmaking in Applied Contexts. Bremen: University of Bremen. 2015.
Henkel, H., Stirrat, R. Participation as Spiritual Duty; Empowerment as Secular Subjection, Participation: The New Tyranny? Cooke, B. & U. Kothari (eds.). London: Zed Books, 2004, pp. 168-184.
Henley, P. Putting Film to Work: Observational Cinema as Practical Ethnography, Working Images: Visual Research and Representation in Ethnography. Pink, S., L. Kьrti & A. I. Afonso (eds.). London & New York: Routledge, 2004, pp. 109-130.
Henley, P. The Adventure of the Real: Jean Rouch and the Craft of Ethnographic Cinema. Chicago; London: University of Chicago Press, 2009.
Jorgensen, A.M. Filmmaking as Ethnographic Dialogues: Rouch's Family of «Scoundrels» in Niger, Visual Anthropology, 2007, no. 20 (1), pp. 57-73.
Kesby, M. Retheorizing Empowerment-through-Participation as a Performance in Space: Beyond Tyranny to Transformation, Signs, 2005, no. 30 (4), pp. 2037-2065.
Kindon, S. Participatory Video in Geographic Research: A Feminist Practice of Looking?, Area, 2003, no. 35 (2).
Kothari, U. Power, Knowledge and Social Control in Participatory Development, Participation: The New Tyranny? Cooke, B. & U. Kothari (eds.). London: Zed Books, 2004, pp. 139-152.
Loizos, P. Innovation in Ethnographic Film from Innocence to Self-Consciousness, 1955-85. Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1993.
Lunch, N., Lunch, C. Insight into Participatory Video. A Handbook or the Field. Oxford: Insightshare, 2006.
Macdougall, D. Beyond Observational Cinema, Principles of Visual Anthropology. Hockings, P. (ed). Berlin & New York de Gruyter, 1995, pp. 115-133.
Macdougall, D. Complicities of Style, Film as Ethnography. Crawford, P. I. & D. Turton (eds). Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1992, pp. 90-98.
Macdougall, D. Media Friend or Media Foe?, Visual Anthropology, 1987, no. 1 (1), pp. 54-58.
Menter, H., Roa, M.C., Beccera, O.F., Roa, C., Celemin, W. Using Participatory Video to Develop Youth Leadership Skills in Colombia, Participatory Learning and Action, 2006, no. 55 (December), pp. 107-114.
Michaels, E. The Aboriginal Invention of Television in Central Australia. 1982-1986. Australian Inst. of Aboriginal Studies, 1986.
Mistry, J., Berardi, A. The Challenges and Opportunities of Participatory Video in Geographical Research: Exploring Collaboration with Indigenous Communities in the North Ru- pununi, Guyana, Area, 2011, pp. 1-7.
Mosse, D. `People's Knowledge', Participation and Patronage: Operations and Representations in Rural Development, Participation: The New Tyranny? Cooke, B. & U. Kothari (eds). London: Zed Books, 2004, pp. 16-35.
Nichols, B. The Ethnographer's Tale, Visual Anthropology Review, 1991, no. 7(2), pp. 31-47.
Nigg, H., Wade, G. Community Media: Community Communication in the United Kingdom - Video, Local T. V., Film and Photography. Zurich: Regenbogen-Verlag, 1980.
Oakley, P. Projects with People: The Practice of Participation in Rural Development. Geneva: International Labour Office, 1991.
Pink, S. Applied Visual Anthropology. Social Interventions and Visual Methodologies, Visual Interventions: Applied Visual Anthropology. Pink, S. (ed.). Oxford: Berghahn, 2009, pp. 3-28.
Pink, S. The Future of Visual Anthropology: Engaging the Senses. Routledge, 2006.
Rouch, J. Cine-Ethnography. University of Minnesota Press, 2003.
Ruby, J. Picturing Culture: Explorations of Film & Anthropology. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2000.
Russell, W.A., Wickson, F., Carew, A.L. Transdisciplinarity: Context, Contradictions and Capacity, Futures, 2008, no. 40 (5), pp. 460-472.
Sjoberg, J. Ethnofction and Beyond: The Legacy of Projective Improvisation in Ethnographic Filmmaking. Paper Presented at the International Conference `a Knowledge Beyond Text' at Centre Pompidou in Paris, November 2009. Available at: www.comite-flm- ethno.net/colloque-jean-rouch/textes-colloque-JR/Sjoberg.pdf (Accessed 16 October 2011).
Sjoberg, J. Ethnofction: Drama as a Creative Research Practice in Ethnographic Film, Journal of Media Practice, 2008, no. 9 (3), pp. 229-242.
Stadler, J. Narrative, Understanding and Identifcation in Steps for the Future: HIV/AIDS Documentaries, Visual Anthropology Review, 2003, no. 19 (1-2), pp. 86-101.
Stoller, P. The Cinematic Griot: The Ethnography of Jean Rouch. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. 1992.
Turner, T. Defant Images: The Kayapo Appropriation of Video, Anthropology Today, 1992, no. 8 (6), pp. 5-16.
Turner, T. Representation, Collaboration and Mediation in Contemporary Ethnographic and Indigenous Media, Visual Anthropology Review, 1995, no. 11 (2), pp. 102-106.