Материал: Руководство ВОЗ по питанию женщин
ɍɱɟɛɧɵɣ ɤɭɪɫ “Ɂɞɨɪɨɜɚɹ ɩɢɳɚ ɢ ɩɢɬɚɧɢɟ ɠɟɧɳɢɧ ɢ ɢɯ ɫɟɦɟɣ”
ɋɩɢɫɨɤ ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ
DHSS 1969. Recommended Intakes of Nutrients for the United Kingdom, London, HMSO, 1969 (Report on public health and medical subjects; 120).
DHSS 1979. Recommended Daily Amounts of food energy and nutrients for groups of people in the United Kingdom, London, HMSO, 1970 (Report on public health and medical subjects; 15).
DHSS 1980. Artificial Feeds for the Young Infant, London, HMSO, 1980 (Report on public health and medical subjects; 18).
DH 1991. Dietary Reference Values for Food Energy and Nutrients for the United Kingdom, London, HMSO, 1991 (Report on public health and medical subjects; 41).
WHO 1985. Energy and Protein Requirements. Report on a Joint FAO/WHO/UNU Meeting, Geneva, World Health Organization, 1985 (WHO Technical Report Series; 724).
FAO/WHO 1988. Requirɟments of Vitamin A, Iron, Folate and Vitamin B12, Rome, Food and Agriculture Organization, 1988 (FAO Food and Nutrition Series; 23).
Englyst H.N. and Cummings J.H. 1988. An improved method for the measurement of dietary fibre as nonstarch polysaccharides in plant foods, J Ass Off Anal Chem 1988; 71:808-814.
ɋɥɨɜɚɪɶ ɬɟɪɦɢɧɨɜ ɢ ɨɛɳɟɩɪɢɧɹɬɵɯ ɫɨɤɪɚɳɟɧɢɣ
ȿɞɢɧɢɰɵ ɢɡɦɟɪɟɧɢɹ ɜɟɫɚ
ɝɝɪɚɦɦ
ɤɝ |
ɤɢɥɨɝɪɚɦɦ, ɢɥɢ 103 ɝ, ɢɥɢ 1000 ɝ |
ɦɝ |
ɦɢɥɥɢɝɪɚɦɦ, ɢɥɢ 10-3 ɝ, ɢɥɢ ɨɞɧɚ ɬɵɫɹɱɧɚɹ 1 ɝ |
ɦɤɝ |
ɦɢɤɪɨɝɪɚɦɦ, ɢɥɢ 10-6 ɝ, ɢɥɢ ɨɞɧɚ ɦɢɥɥɢɨɧɧɚɹ 1 ɝ |
ɦɦɨɥɶ |
ɦɢɥɥɢɦɨɥɶ = ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɚ ɢɥɢ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɹ, ɪɚɜɧɨɟ |
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ɚɬɨɦɧɨɦɭɢɥɢ ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɹɪɧɨɦɭɜɟɫɭɜ ɝɪɚɦɦɚɯ 10-3 |
ɧɝ |
ɧɚɧɨɝɪɚɦɦ, ɢɥɢ 10-9 ɝ, ɢɥɢ ɨɞɧɚ ɦɢɥɥɢɚɪɞɧɚɹ 1 ɝ |
Ɍɟɪɦɢɧɵ, ɨɬɧɨɫɹɳɢɟɫɹ ɤ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɢ |
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ɤȾɠ |
ɤɢɥɨɞɠɨɭɥɶ = 103 ɢɥɢ 1000 ɞɠɨɭɥɟɣ. ȿɞɢɧɢɰɚ, ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɦɚɹ ɞɥɹ |
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ɢɡɦɟɪɟɧɢɹ ɷɧɟɪɝɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɰɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɢɳɢ, 1 ɤɤɚɥ = 4,184 ɤȾɠ |
ɤɤɚɥ |
ɤɢɥɨɤɚɥɨɪɢɹ = 103 ɢɥɢ 1000 ɤɚɥɨɪɢɣ. ȿɞɢɧɢɰɚ, ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɦɚɹ ɞɥɹ |
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ɢɡɦɟɪɟɧɢɹ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɵ ɷɧɟɪɝɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɰɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɢɳɢ |
ɆȾɠ |
ɦɟɝɚɞɠɨɭɥɶ = 106 ɞɠɨɭɥɟɣ, ɢɥɢ 1 ɦɢɥɥɢɨɧ ɞɠɨɭɥɟɣ |
ɉɈɈ |
ɉɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɶ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɝɨ ɨɛɦɟɧɚ. ɉɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɶ, ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɭɸɳɢɣ |
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ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɢ, ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɦɨɟ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɦɨɦ ɜ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɢ |
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ɩɨɥɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɤɨɹ. ȼɟɥɢɱɢɧɚ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɬ ɨɬ ɩɨɥɚ ɢ ɦɚɫɫɵ ɬɟɥɚ. Ⱦɥɹ |
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ɦɭɠɱɢɧɵ ɜɟɫɨɦ 65 ɤɝ ɉɈɈ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɧɨ ɪɚɜɟɧ 7,56 ɆȾɠ/ɫɭɬ. Ⱦɥɹ |
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ɠɟɧɳɢɧɵ ɜɟɫɨɦ 55 ɤɝ ɉɈɈ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɧɨ ɪɚɜɟɧ 5,98 ɆȾɠ/ɫɭɬ. |
ɍɎȺ |
ɍɪɨɜɟɧɶɮɢɡɢɱɟɫɤɨɣɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ. ɄɪɚɬɧɨɟɱɢɫɥɨɉɈɈ: ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɟ |
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ɷɧɟɪɝɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨɪɚɫɯɨɞɚɜɬɟɱɟɧɢɟɫɭɬɨɤɤɉɈɈ. Ɂɧɚɱɟɧɢɹɥɟɠɚɬɜ |
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ɩɪɟɞɟɥɚɯɨɬ1,4 (ɞɥɹɥɢɰɫɧɢɡɤɢɦɭɪɨɜɧɟɦɮɢɡɢɱɟɫɤɨɣɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢɧɚ |
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ɪɚɛɨɬɟɢɜɨɜɪɟɦɚɨɬɞɵɯɚ) ɞɨ1,9 (ɞɥɹɥɸɞɟɣ, ɭɤɨɬɨɪɵɯɪɚɛɨɬɚɢ |
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ɞɨɫɭɝɬɪɟɛɭɸɬɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯɷɧɟɪɝɨɡɚɬɪɚɬ). |
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ɍɱɟɛɧɵɣ ɤɭɪɫ “Ɂɞɨɪɨɜɚɹ ɩɢɳɚ ɢ ɩɢɬɚɧɢɟ ɠɟɧɳɢɧ ɢ ɢɯ ɫɟɦɟɣ”
Ɍɟɪɦɢɧɵ, ɨɬɧɨɫɹɳɢɟɫɹ ɤ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɢ ɢ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɥɟɧɢɸ ɩɢɳɢ
Ȼɟɡɨɩɚɫɧɵɟ ɭɪɨɜɧɢ |
Ɍɟɪɦɢɧ, ɨɬɪɚɠɚɸɳɢɣɭɪɨɜɟɧɶɢɥɢɞɢɚɩɚɡɨɧɩɨɬɪɟɛɥɟɧɢɹɩɢɬɚɬɟɥɶ- |
ɩɨɬɪɟɛɥɟɧɢɹ |
ɧɵɯɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ, ɩɨɤɨɬɨɪɵɦɧɟɬɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨɣɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢɞɥɹɜɵɱɢɫɥɟ- |
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ɧɢɹɊɇɉ, ɉɋɉɢɆɊȼɉ. ɗɬɨɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ, ɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨɟɩɨɱɬɢɞɥɹ |
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ɤɚɠɞɨɝɨ, ɧɨɧɟɧɚɫɬɨɥɶɤɨɛɨɥɶɲɨɟ, ɱɬɨɛɵɜɵɡɜɚɬɶɧɟɠɟɥɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ |
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ɷɮɮɟɤɬɵ. |
ɆɊȼɉ |
Ɇɢɧɢɦɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɪɟɤɨɦɟɧɞɭɟɦɚɹ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɚ (ɧɨɪɦɚ) ɩɨɬɪɟɛɥɟɧɢɹ |
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ɛɟɥɤɚ, ɜɢɬɚɦɢɧɨɜ, ɢɥɢ ɦɢɧɟɪɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ. Ʉɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ |
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ɩɢɬɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ, ɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɞɥɹ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ |
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ɥɸɞɟɣ ɢɡ ɝɪɭɩɩɵ, ɢɦɟɸɳɢɯ ɧɢɡɤɢɟ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɧɨɫɬɢ. |
ɇɉɉȼ |
ɇɨɪɦɵ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɥɟɧɢɹ ɩɢɬɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ. Ɉɛɳɢɣ ɬɟɪɦɢɧ, |
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ɨɯɜɚɬɵɜɚɸɳɢɣ ɜɫɟ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɵ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɚɧɧɵɟ ɝɪɭɩɩɨɣ ɷɤɫɩɟɪɬɨɜ |
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– ɆɊȼɉ, ɉɋɉ, Ɋɇɉ ɢ ɛɟɡɨɩɚɫɧɵɣ ɭɪɨɜɟɧɶ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɥɟɧɢɹ. |
ɉɋɉ |
ɉɪɟɞɩɨɥɚɝɚɟɦɚɹ ɫɪɟɞɧɹɹ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɧɨɫɬɶ ɝɪɭɩɩ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɜ |
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ɷɧɟɪɝɢɢ, ɛɟɥɤɚɯ, ɜɢɬɚɦɢɧɟ ɢɥɢ ɦɢɧɟɪɚɥɶɧɨɦ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɟ. |
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ɉɪɢɦɟɪɧɨ ɭɩɨɥɨɜɢɧɵ ɥɸɞɟɣ ɮɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɧɨɫɬɶ ɨɛɵɱɧɨ |
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ɜɵɲɟ ɉɋɉ, ɚ ɭɩɨɥɨɜɢɧɵ – ɧɢɠɟ ɉɋɉ. |
Ɋɇɉ |
Ɋɟɤɨɦɟɧɞɭɟɦɚɹɧɨɪɦɚɩɨɬɪɟɛɥɟɧɢɹɩɢɬɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɯɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ– ɛɟɥɤɚ, |
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ɜɢɬɚɦɢɧɨɜ, ɦɢɧɟɪɚɥɶɧɵɯɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ. Ʉɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ, ɤɨɬɨɪɨɝɨ |
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ɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨɢɥɢɛɨɥɟɟɱɟɦɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨɞɥɹɛɨɥɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɚ(ɤɚɤɩɪɚɜɢɥɨ, |
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ɩɨɦɟɧɶɲɟɣɦɟɪɟ97%) ɥɸɞɟɣɝɪɭɩɩɵ. ȿɫɥɢɫɪɟɞɧɟɟɩɨɬɪɟɛɥɟɧɢɟɜ |
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ɝɪɭɩɩɟɪɚɜɧɨɊɇɉ, ɬɨɪɢɫɤɞɟɮɢɰɢɬɚɜɷɬɨɣɝɪɭɩɩɟɨɱɟɧɶɦɚɥ. |
Ɋɉɉȼ |
Ɋɟɤɨɦɟɧɞɭɟɦɨɟ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɥɟɧɢɟ ɩɢɬɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ ɞɥɹ |
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ȼɟɥɢɤɨɛɪɢɬɚɧɢɢ, 1969 ɝ. |
Ɋɋɉ |
Ɋɟɤɨɦɟɧɞɭɟɦɨɟɫɭɬɨɱɧɨɟɩɨɬɪɟɛɥɟɧɢɟɩɢɳɟɜɨɣɷɧɟɪɝɢɢɢɩɢɬɚ- |
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ɬɟɥɶɧɵɯɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɞɥɹɝɪɭɩɩɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɹɜȼɟɥɢɤɨɛɪɢɬɚɧɢɢ, 1979 ɝ. |
Ɍɟɪɦɢɧɵ, ɨɬɧɨɫɹɳɢɟɫɹ ɤ ɠɢɪɚɦ |
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ɀɢɪɧɵɟ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɵ |
Ɇɨɥɟɤɭɥɵ ɪɚɡɧɨɣ ɞɥɢɧɵ, ɫɨɫɬɨɹɳɢɟ ɝɥɚɜɧɵɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ ɢɡ |
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ɭɝɥɟɪɨɞɧɨɣ ɰɟɩɢ, ɤ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɩɪɢɫɨɟɞɢɧɹɸɬɫɹ ɚɬɨɦɵ ɜɨɞɨɪɨɞɚ. |
Ʌɉɇɉ |
Ʌɢɩɨɩɪɨɬɟɢɞɵ ɧɢɡɤɨɣ ɩɥɨɬɧɨɫɬɢ. Ɉɞɢɧ ɢɡ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɢɯ |
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ɥɢɩɨɩɪɨɬɟɢɞɨɜ ɤɪɨɜɢ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɢɪɭɟɬ ɯɨɥɟɫɬɟɪɢɧ ɜ |
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ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɦɟ. ɋɱɢɬɚɟɬɫɹ, ɱɬɨ ɯɨɥɟɫɬɟɪɢɧ ɜ ɮɨɪɦɟ Ʌɉɇɉ |
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ɧɚɤɚɩɥɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɫɬɟɧɤɚɯ ɚɪɬɟɪɢɣ. |
Ɇɨɧɨɧɟɧɚɫɵɳɟɧɧɵɟ |
Ɉɛɵɱɧɨ ɠɢɪɧɵɟ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɵ ɫ ɞɥɢɧɧɨɣ ɭɝɥɟɪɨɞɧɨɣ ɰɟɩɶɸ, ɜ |
ɠɢɪɧɵɟ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɵ |
ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɧɟ ɯɜɚɬɚɟɬ 2 ɚɬɨɦɨɜ ɜɨɞɨɪɨɞɚ. ȼ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɚ |
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ɫɨɞɟɪɠɢɬ ɨɞɧɭɞɜɨɣɧɭɸ ɫɜɹɡɶ. |
ɇɚɫɵɳɟɧɧɵɟ |
ɀɢɪɧɵɟ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɵ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɬ ɦɚɤɫɢɦɚɥɶɧɨ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɟ |
ɠɢɪɧɵɟ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɵ |
ɱɢɫɥɨ ɚɬɨɦɨɜ ɜɨɞɨɪɨɞɚ. |
(ɇɀɄ) |
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ɇɟɡɚɦɟɧɢɦɵɟ |
Ʉɢɫɥɨɬɵ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɧɟ ɫɢɧɬɟɡɢɪɭɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɦɟ ɢ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ |
ɠɢɪɧɵɟ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɵ |
ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɚɬɶ ɫ ɩɢɳɟɣ. |
(ɇɁɀɄ) |
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ɍɱɟɛɧɵɣ ɤɭɪɫ “Ɂɞɨɪɨɜɚɹ ɩɢɳɚ ɢ ɩɢɬɚɧɢɟ ɠɟɧɳɢɧ ɢ ɢɯ ɫɟɦɟɣ”
ɉɢɳɟɜɵɟ ɠɢɪɵ |
Ɉɛɵɱɧɨ ɬɪɢɝɥɢɰɟɪɢɞɵ, ɬ.ɟ. 3 ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɵ ɠɢɪɧɨɣ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɵ, |
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ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɧɵɟ ɫ ɨɞɧɨɣ ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɨɣ ɝɥɢɰɟɪɢɧɚ. |
ɉɨɥɢɧɟɧɚɫɵɳɟɧɧɵɟ |
Ɉɛɵɱɧɨ ɠɢɪɧɵɟ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɵ ɫ ɞɥɢɧɧɨɣ ɰɟɩɶɸ, ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɧɟ ɯɜɚɬɚɟɬ |
ɠɢɪɧɵɟ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɵ |
ɛɨɥɟɟ 2 ɚɬɨɦɨɜ ɜɨɞɨɪɨɞɚ. ȼ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɚ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɢɬ |
(ɉɇɀɄ) |
2, 3 ɢɥɢ 4 ɞɜɨɣɧɵɟ ɜɨɞɨɪɨɞɧɵɟ ɫɜɹɡɢ. |
ɰɢɫ- ɢ ɬɪɚɧɫ- |
Ɍɟɪɦɢɧɵ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟɫɜɹɡɚɧɵɫɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɦɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɟɦ |
ɢɡɨɦɟɪɵ |
ɚɬɨɦɨɜɜɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɚɯ, ɬɚɤɢɯɤɚɤɦɨɧɨɧɟɧɚɫɵɳɟɧɧɵɟɢ |
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ɩɨɥɢɧɟɧɚɫɵɳɟɧɧɵɟɠɢɪɧɵɟɤɢɫɥɨɬɵ. Ȼɨɥɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɨɜɫɬɪɟɱɚɸɳɢɯɫɹ |
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ɜɧɚɬɭɪɚɥɶɧɨɣɩɢɳɟɠɢɪɧɵɯɤɢɫɥɨɬɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹɰɢɫ-ɢɡɨɦɟɪɚɦɢ. |
ɏɨɥɟɫɬɟɪɢɧ |
ɉɨɫɬɭɩɚɟɬ ɢɡ ɬɚɤɢɯ ɩɢɳɟɜɵɯ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɨɜ, ɤɚɤ ɹɢɱɧɵɣ ɠɟɥɬɨɤ ɢɥɢ |
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ɫɭɛɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɵ, ɧɨ ɛɨɥɶɲɚɹ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɟɝɨ ɫɢɧɬɟɡɢɪɭɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɦɟ. |
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ɇɟɡɚɦɟɧɢɦɵɣ ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬ ɤɚɠɞɨɣ ɠɢɜɨɣ ɤɥɟɬɨɱɧɨɣ ɫɬɟɧɤɢ, ɨɧ |
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ɩɨɫɬɭɩɚɟɬ ɜ ɤɪɨɜɶ ɢ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɩɪɟɜɪɚɳɚɬɶɫɹ ɜ ɜɢɬɚɦɢɧ D. |
Ɍɟɪɦɢɧɵ, ɨɬɧɨɫɹɳɢɟɫɹ ɤ ɭɝɥɟɜɨɞɚɦ |
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ȼɧɟɲɧɢɟ ɫɚɯɚɪɚ |
ɋɚɯɚɪɚ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɧɟ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɬɫɹ ɜɧɭɬɪɢ ɤɥɟɬɨɱɧɨɣ ɫɬɟɧɤɢ. |
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ɉɪɢɦɟɪɨɦ ɬɚɤɢɯ ɫɚɯɚɪɨɜ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɫɚɯɚɪɚ ɦɟɞɚ, ɫɬɨɥɨɜɨɝɨ |
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ɫɚɯɚɪɚ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɥɚɤɬɨɡɚ ɜ ɦɨɥɨɤɟ ɢ ɦɨɥɨɱɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɚɯ. |
ȼɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɢɟ ɫɚɯɚɪɚ |
Ʌɸɛɨɣ ɢɡ ɫɚɯɚɪɨɜ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɢɬɫɹ ɜɧɭɬɪɢ ɤɥɟɬɨɱɧɨɣ |
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ɫɬɟɧɤɢ ɩɢɳɟɜɵɯ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɨɜ. |
Ⱦɢɫɚɯɚɪɢɞɵ |
ɋɚɯɚɪɚ, ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɵ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɬ ɢɡ 2 ɦɨɧɨɫɚɯɚɪɢɞɨɜ, |
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ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɧɵɯ ɜɦɟɫɬɟ. ɉɪɢɦɟɪɨɦ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɫɚɯɚɪɨɡɚ (ɫɨɫɬɨɢɬ ɢɡ |
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1 ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɵ ɝɥɸɤɨɡɵ ɢ 1 ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɵ ɮɪɭɤɬɨɡɵ) ɢ ɥɚɤɬɨɡɚ (ɫɨɫɬɨɢɬ |
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ɢɡ 1 ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɵ ɝɥɸɤɨɡɵ ɢ 1 ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɵ ɝɚɥɚɤɬɨɡɵ). |
Ɇɨɧɨɫɚɯɚɪɢɞɵ |
Ɉɞɧɨɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɹɪɧɵɟɫɚɯɚɪɚ, ɤɤɨɬɨɪɵɦɨɬɧɨɫɹɬɫɹɝɥɸɤɨɡɚɢɮɪɭɤɬɨɡɚ. |
ɇɟɤɪɚɯɦɚɥɶɧɵɟ |
Ɉɞɢɧ ɢɡ ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɨɜ ɩɢɳɟɜɵɯ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɨɜ, ɷɤɜɢɜɚɥɟɧɬ ɬɟɪɦɢɧɚ |
ɩɨɥɢɫɚɯɚɪɢɞɵ |
“ɩɢɳɟɜɚɹ ɤɥɟɬɱɚɬɤɚ”. |
(ɇɄɉ) |
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ɇɟɦɨɥɨɱɧɵɟ |
ȼɧɟɲɧɢɟ ɫɚɯɚɪɚ ɡɚ ɢɫɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɟɦ ɥɚɤɬɨɡɵ ɦɨɥɨɤɚ ɢ ɦɨɥɨɱɧɵɯ |
ɜɧɟɲɧɢɟ ɫɚɯɚɪɚ |
ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɨɜ. |
ɉɨɥɢɫɚɯɚɪɢɞɵ |
ɍɝɥɟɜɨɞɵ, ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɵ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɬ ɢɡ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɢɯ |
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ɦɨɧɨɫɚɯɚɪɢɞɨɜ. ɇɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɤɪɚɯɦɚɥ, ɫɨɫɬɨɹɳɢɣ ɢɡ ɦɧɨɠɟɫɬɜɚ |
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ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥ ɝɥɸɤɨɡɵ, ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɧɵɯ ɜɦɟɫɬɟ. |
ɉɪɨɫɬɵɟ ɫɚɯɚɪɚ |
Ɇɨɧɨɫɚɯɚɪɢɞɵ ɢ ɞɢɫɚɯɚɪɢɞɵ. |
Ɍɟɪɦɢɧɵ, ɨɬɧɨɫɹɳɢɟɫɹ ɤ ɛɟɥɤɚɦ |
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Ⱥɦɢɧɨɤɢɫɥɨɬɚ |
Ɉɞɧɚɢɡ20 ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟɩɪɢɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɢɜɦɟɫɬɟɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɬɛɟɥɨɤ. |
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ɋɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɟɬɨɱɟɧɶɦɧɨɝɨɪɚɡɧɨɜɢɞɧɨɫɬɟɣɛɟɥɤɨɜɜɩɢɳɟɢɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɦɟ |
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ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ. ɉɪɢɪɨɞɚɤɚɠɞɨɣɪɚɡɧɨɜɢɞɧɨɫɬɢɡɚɜɢɫɢɬɨɬɬɢɩɨɜ |
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ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɧɵɯɚɦɢɧɨɤɢɫɥɨɬ, ɢɯɩɪɨɩɨɪɰɢɢɢɩɨɪɹɞɤɚɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɹ. |
ɇɟɡɚɦɟɧɢɦɵɟ |
Ⱥɦɢɧɨɤɢɫɥɨɬɵ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɥɢɛɨ ɧɟ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɫɢɧɬɟɡɢɪɨɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɜ |
ɚɦɢɧɨɤɢɫɥɨɬɵ |
ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɦɟ ɜɨɨɛɳɟ, ɥɢɛɨ ɫɢɧɬɟɡɢɪɭɸɬɫɹ ɧɟɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨ ɛɵɫɬɪɨ |
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ɞɥɹ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɦɚ ɢ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɥɹɬɶɫɹ ɢɡ |
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ɩɢɳɟɜɵɯ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɨɜ. ɋɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɟɬ 8 ɧɟɡɚɦɟɧɢɦɵɯ ɚɦɢɧɨɤɢɫɥɨɬ |
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ɞɥɹ ɜɡɪɨɫɥɵɯ ɢ 10 – ɞɥɹ ɞɟɬɟɣ. |
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ɍɱɟɛɧɵɣ ɤɭɪɫ “Ɂɞɨɪɨɜɚɹ ɩɢɳɚ ɢ ɩɢɬɚɧɢɟ ɠɟɧɳɢɧ ɢ ɢɯ ɫɟɦɟɣ”
Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɵ ɢ ɪɢɫɭɧɤɢ
ɌȺȻɅɂɐɕ
1.ɉɪɟɞɩɨɥɚɝɚɟɦɚɹ ɫɪɟɞɧɹɹ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɧɨɫɬɶ (ɉɋɉ) ɜ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɢ – ɞɟɬɢ ɢ ɩɨɞɪɨɫɬɤɢ ɨɬ 0 ɞɨ 18 ɥɟɬ
2.ɉɪɟɞɩɨɥɚɝɚɟɦɚɹ ɫɪɟɞɧɹɹ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɧɨɫɬɶ ɜ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɢ ɞɥɹ ɜɡɪɨɫɥɵɯ
3.Ⱦɨɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɚɹ ɉɋɉ ɞɥɹ ɤɨɪɦɹɳɢɯ ɠɟɧɳɢɧ
4.Ɋɟɤɨɦɟɧɞɭɟɦɵɟ ɧɨɪɦɵ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɥɟɧɢɹ ɛɟɥɤɚ
5.Ɋɟɤɨɦɟɧɞɭɟɦɵɟ ɧɨɪɦɵ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɥɟɧɢɹ ɠɢɪɧɵɯ ɤɢɫɥɨɬ ɢ ɨɛɳɢɯ ɠɢɪɨɜ
6.Ɋɟɤɨɦɟɧɞɭɟɦɵɟ ɧɨɪɦɵ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɥɟɧɢɹ ɫɚɯɚɪɨɜ ɢ ɤɪɚɯɦɚɥɨɜ Ɋɟɤɨɦɟɧɞɭɟɦɵɟ ɧɨɪɦɵ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɥɟɧɢɹ ɜɢɬɚɦɢɧɨɜ:
7.ȼɢɬɚɦɢɧ Ⱥ
8.Ɍɢɚɦɢɧ
9.Ɋɢɛɨɮɥɚɜɢɧ
10.ɇɢɚɰɢɧ
11.ȼɢɬɚɦɢɧ ȼ6
12.ȼɢɬɚɦɢɧ ȼ12
13.Ɏɨɥɚɬɵ
14.ȼɢɬɚɦɢɧ ɋ
15.ȼɢɬɚɦɢɧ D
16.ȼɢɬɚɦɢɧ ȿ Ɋɟɤɨɦɟɧɞɭɟɦɵɟ ɧɨɪɦɵ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɥɟɧɢɹ ɦɢɧɟɪɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ:
17.Ʉɚɥɶɰɢɣ
18.Ɏɨɫɮɨɪ
19.Ɇɚɝɧɢɣ
20.ɀɟɥɟɡɨ
21.ɐɢɧɤ
22.ɇɚɬɪɢɣ
23.Ʉɚɥɢɣ
24.Ɇɟɞɶ
25.Ƀɨɞ
26.ɋɟɥɟɧ
27.Ȼɟɡɨɩɚɫɧɵɟ ɭɪɨɜɧɢ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɥɟɧɢɹ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɦɢɧɟɪɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ
ɊɂɋɍɇɄɂ
1.ɋɜɹɡɶ ɦɟɠɞɭɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɦɢ ɪɟɤɨɦɟɧɞɭɟɦɵɦɢ ɧɨɪɦɚɦɢ
2.Ʉɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɹ ɫɚɯɚɪɨɜ
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ɍɱɟɛɧɵɣ ɤɭɪɫ “Ɂɞɨɪɨɜɚɹ ɩɢɳɚ ɢ ɩɢɬɚɧɢɟ ɠɟɧɳɢɧ ɢ ɢɯ ɫɟɦɟɣ”
ɉɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ C: Ɉɫɧɨɜɵ ɩɢɬɚɧɢɹ
1. ɑɬɨ ɬɚɤɨɟ ɩɢɬɚɧɢɟ?
1.1 ɑɬɨ ɬɚɤɨɟ ɩɢɳɚ?
ɉɢɳɚ – ɷɬɨ ɜɫɟ, ɱɬɨ ɦɵ ɦɨɠɟɦ ɫɴɟɫɬɶ ɢ ɱɬɨ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɨ ɢɥɢ ɭɫɜɨɟɧɨ ɧɚɲɢɦ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɦɨɦ. ɉɢɳɚ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɠɢɜɨɬɧɨɝɨ, ɪɚɫɬɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɢɥɢ ɦɢɧɟɪɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɠɞɟɧɢɹ, ɢ ɨɧɚ ɫɨɫɬɨɢɬ ɢɡ ɦɧɨɠɟɫɬɜɚ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ. ɏɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ, ɢɡ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɤɥɟɬɤɢ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɦɚ, ɦɵ ɩɨɥɭɱɚɟɦ ɢɡ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ, ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɳɢɯɫɹ ɜ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɚɯ ɩɢɬɚɧɢɹ. ɉɨɷɬɨɦɭɧɚɲ ɜɵɛɨɪ ɩɢɳɟɜɵɯ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɨɜ ɜɥɢɹɟɬ ɧɚ ɫɨɫɬɚɜ ɢ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ ɧɚɲɟɝɨ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɦɚ, ɢ, ɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ, ɩɪɚɜɢɥɶɧɵɣ ɜɵɛɨɪ ɩɢɳɟɜɵɯ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɨɜ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɫɬɜɨɜɚɬɶ ɫɨɯɪɚɧɟɧɢɸ ɢ ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɸ ɡɞɨɪɨɜɶɹ.
Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 1. Ɋɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɟ ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɵ ɩɢɳɟɜɵɯ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɨɜ ɜ ɫɭɦɦɚɪɧɨɦ ɪɚɰɢɨɧɟ ɩɢɬɚɧɢɹ
1.ȼɨɞɚ
2.ɍɝɥɟɜɨɞɵ
3.ɀɢɪ
4.Ȼɟɥɨɤ
5.ɉɢɳɟɜɚɹ ɤɥɟɬɱɚɬɤɚ (ɧɟɤɪɚɯɦɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɩɨɥɢɫɚɯɚɪɢɞɵ)
6.Ⱥɥɤɨɝɨɥɶ
7.ȼɢɬɚɦɢɧɵ
8.Ɇɢɧɟɪɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɜɟɳɫɬɜɚ
9.Ɇɢɤɪɨɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɵ
10.Ⱥɧɬɢɨɤɫɚɞɚɧɬɵ
11.Ⱥɪɨɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ (ɧɚɬɭɪɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɢ ɞɨɛɚɜɥɹɟɦɵɟ)
12.Ʉɪɚɫɢɬɟɥɢ (ɧɚɬɭɪɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɢ ɞɨɛɚɜɥɹɟɦɵɟ)
13.ɇɚɬɭɪɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɹɞɵ (ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɰɢɚɧɢɞ)
14.Ɏɚɪɦɚɤɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɵɟ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ (ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɤɨɮɟɢɧ)
15.Ⱦɨɛɚɜɤɢ (ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɤɨɧɫɟɪɜɚɧɬɵ)
16.Ʉɨɧɬɚɦɢɧɚɧɬɵ (ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɩɟɫɬɢɰɢɞɵ)
ɉɢɬɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ – ɷɬɨ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɳɢɟ ɩɢɳɟɜɵɯ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɨɜ, ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɸɳɢɟ ɩɢɬɚɧɢɟ ɞɥɹ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɦɚ. ɇɚɫɱɢɬɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɧɨ 50 ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɩɢɬɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ (ɜ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɨɬ ɤɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɢ), ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɨɬɧɟɫɟɧɵ ɤ ɫɟɦɢ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɦ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɹɦ, ɚ ɢɦɟɧɧɨ: ɭɝɥɟɜɨɞɚɦ, ɛɟɥɤɚɦ, ɠɢɪɚɦ, ɜɢɬɚɦɢɧɚɦ, ɦɢɧɟɪɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ, ɜɨɞɟ ɢ ɤɥɟɬɱɚɬɤɟ. ɇɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɵ ɩɢɬɚɧɢɹ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɬ ɜɫɟ ɫɟɦɶ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɣ, ɬɨɝɞɚ ɤɚɤ ɞɪɭɝɢɟ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɬ ɥɢɲɶ ɨɞɧɭɢɥɢ ɞɜɟ. Ɇɧɨɝɢɟ ɩɢɳɟɜɵɟ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɵ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɬ ɜ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɦɟɪɟ ɢɡ ɜɨɞɵ, ɩɨɫɥɟ ɱɟɝɨ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɬ, ɩɨ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɭ, ɭɝɥɟɜɨɞɵ, ɛɟɥɤɢ ɢ ɠɢɪɵ, ɬɨɝɞɚ ɤɚɤ ɞɪɭɝɢɟ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɢ ɢɥɢ ɤɥɚɫɫɵ ɱɚɫɬɨ ɩɪɢɫɭɬɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɜ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɦɟɧɶɲɢɯ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɚɯ. Ɉɪɝɚɧɢɡɦ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ ɫɨɫɬɨɢɬ ɢɡ ɚɧɚɥɨɝɢɱɧɵɯ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɨɜ, ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɳɢɯɫɹ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɧɨ ɜ ɬɚɤɢɯ ɠɟ ɩɪɨɩɨɪɰɢɹɯ. ȼ ɩɢɳɟɜɵɯ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɚɯ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɢɬɫɹ ɦɧɨɝɨ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ, ɧɟ ɨɬɧɨɫɹɳɢɯɫɹ ɤ ɱɢɫɥɟ ɩɢɬɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ (“ɧɟɩɢɳɟɜɵɟ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ”). Ɇɧɨɝɢɟ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɢ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɟ ɩɢɳɟɜɵɯ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɨɜ ɜɥɢɹɸɬ ɧɚ ɢɯ ɚɪɨɦɚɬ, ɤɨɧɫɢɫɬɟɧɰɢɸ, ɰɜɟɬ ɢ ɜɤɭɫ. ɇɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɢɡ ɧɢɯ ɩɨɥɟɡɧɵ ɞɥɹ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɦɚ, ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ – ɧɟɬ, ɚ ɨɱɟɧɶ ɧɟɛɨɥɶɲɨɟ ɱɢɫɥɨ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɞɚɠɟ ɜɪɟɞɧɵɦ.
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