Материал: Гольцева О.Ю. Международное право в официальных документах. Под ред. И.А. Горшеневой

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пользование средств массовой информации 6) принять повестку дня с внесёнными поправками 7) организовать региональные симпозиумы 8) широкий спектр сведений 9) опубликовать тезисы конференции 10) использовать национальные языки как средство обучения. 11) проанализировать биржевые индексы 12) стимулы развития экономики государств региона

Exercise 6. Read the information and answer these questions.

1.Which of the state qualifications do not these countries possess?

2.Are these states recognized internationally? Why?

The Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus

In law, a State must fulfill two objective and two subjective criteria. It must have a population and territory. But beyond these, it must meet the subjective assessments of other States as to whether it has effective control over that population and territory by means of a government, and the ability to carry out international relations. This final criterion is manifested through other States 'recognizing' a new State as becoming a member of the club of States. The issue of

‘recognition' as an attribute of the State was at the heart of a visit to the so-called Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus in November 2003. Although this entity has a population, territory and a government asserting effective control, no other State beyond Turkey recognizes this ‘State', which came into being as a result of an invasion by Turkish forces in 1974. As such, the vast majority of the international community does not recognize it as

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State.

Vatican City

Vatican City, established by the 1929 Lateran treaties, is the smallest State in the world consisting of 106 acres; there are only 200 citizens and it is represented by its government – the 'Holy See' – in international relations. Despite its limited size (territory) and non-perpetuating citizenship (population) Vatican City has an effective government and is recognized by more than 150 States, making it a full-fledged member of the community of States.

OVER TO YOU

Do you know any other states that are non or partly recognized by the international community? Do they meet the basic recognition criteria? Why or why not? What do you think of the future of these states?

Exercise 7. Give a written translation of the extract

("Popular Law Library Vol. 12 International Law, Conflict of Laws, Spanish-American Laws, Legal Ethics", by Albert H. Putney).

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"It is true that occasionally individuals are interested in the questions raised, and are sometimes even the cause of international complications, perhaps of war, but it is not as individuals that public international law interferes in their behalf or condemns them. It is because individuals necessarily form a constituent part of every State, parts of which the nation as a whole is made up and as no injury can be inflicted on one part of the body or by one member without the participation of the whole, so no member of the body politic can be injured without damage to the material interests, the dignity, and the honor of the whole. It is because of this blow to or by the State that public international law interferes in such matters."

Exercise 8. Answer these questions.

1.What are individuals compared to, according to Albert H. Putney?

2.What matters concerning individuals does public international law interfere in?

Exercise 9. Give the English translation of the following text.

Субъекты международного частного права (МЧП) – это участники гражданских правоотношений, осложненных «иностранным элементом». Под иностранным элементом понимаются имущественные отношения, где субъектом выступает сторона, имеющая иностранное подданство; субъекты принадлежат одному государству,

аобъект находится за границей.

Кчислу субъектов международного частного права относятся:

1.физические лица (граждане; лица без гражданства – апатриды; иностранные граждане; лица, имеющие двойное гражданство – бипатриды);

2.юридические лица (государственные организации, частные фирмы, предприятия, научно-исследователь-

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ские и иные организации);

3.государства;

4.нации и народы, борющиеся за свободу и независимость, и создание собственной государственности в лице своих руководящих органов (к их числу относится, например, Организация Освобождения Палестины);

5.международные межправительственные организации;

6.государственно-подобные образования, являющиеся субъектами международного публичного права (к ним относятся вольные города и Ватикан – резиденция главы римско-католической церкви).

Физические и юридические лица, как субъекты международного частного права являются участниками правоотношений по МЧП независимо от того, кто является другой стороной в правоотношении:

Государства; нации и народы, борющиеся за независимость и создание собственной государственности; международные межправительственные организации; государственно-подобные образования как субъекты МЧП только тогда будут входить в состав правоотношения, регулируемого нормами МЧП, когда будет выполнено следующее условие: контрагентом по сделке (или другой стороной в правоотношении) будет физическое, либо юридическое лицо.

Exercise 10. Read the text below and find the English equivalents for these word combinations.

Предмет сильных споров и обсуждения, оценивать чтолибо в свете, добровольно взять на себя обязательства, уступать полномочия, узкое толкование, военная хунта, находиться у власти, сила и принуждение, с согласия государств, гибкий подход к, невмешательство во внутренние дела, на двустороннем уровне, обязательства по разоружению, мало считаться с, серьезные нарушения.

Conflicts between public international law and na-

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tional sovereignty

The conflict between international law and national sovereignty is subject to vigorous debate and dispute in academia, diplomacy, and politics. Certainly, there is a growing trend toward judging a state's domestic actions in the light of international law and standards. Numerous people now view the nation-state as the primary unit of international affairs, and believe that only states may choose to voluntarily enter into commitments under international laws.

Certain political leaders feel that these modern developments endanger nation states by taking power away from state governments and ceding it to international bodies such as the U.N. and the World Bank.

A number of states support very narrow interpretations of international law, including the People's Republic of China, the military junta currently holding power in Burma, and the Russian Federation. These states maintain that sovereignty – and thus what some view as the basis of sovereignty, the ultima ratio regum, or last argument of kings (force and coercion, by military or other means) – is the only true international law; thus seeing states as having free rein over their own affairs and their affairs in the larger world.

Other states oppose this view. Many European nations, for example, maintain that all civilized nations have certain norms of conduct expected of them, including the prohibition of genocide, slavery and the slave trade, wars of aggression, torture, and piracy, and that violation of these universal norms represents a crime, not only against the individual victims, but against humanity as a whole.

Another group believes that states only commit to international law with express consent and have the right to make their own interpretations of its meaning; and that international courts only function with the consent of states.

Though the European democracies tend to support broad, universalistic interpretations of international law, many other democracies have differing views on international law. Sever-