258 |
Notes |
1828–1923 [Armenia in the Documents of International and Soviet Foreign Policy, 1828–1923] (Erevan: Hayastan, 1972), pp. 371–74.
68.“The Petrograd Plan,” pp. 19–20.
69.RG 59, 867.4016/97, Hollis to Secretary of State, July 6, 1915; Treatment, Docs. 120, 123–25, 128–30, 133, 138; Lepsius, Rapport, pp. 34–35, 45; Chormisian, Hamapatker, p. 479; Makarian, “Ampop hamaynapatker,” p. 309.
70.Treatment, Docs. 6, 15, 19, 21–23, 27–31, 36, 53, 60, 120, 123, 124, 128, 137–39; Henry Barby, Au pays de l’épouvante: L’Arménie martyre (Beirut: Hamazkayin, 1972; first published 1917), p. 74; Hovannisian, Dzitogh, p. 96.
71.A.M.A.E., Guerre 1914–1918, Turquie, “Communication de l’Ambassade de Russie au Département,” May 11, 1915, “Communication de l’Ambassade de Grande-Bretagne au Département,” May 19, 1915, “Communication de l’Ambassade de Grande-Bretagne au Département,” May 21, 1915, “Note du Département à l’Agence Havas,” May 24, 1915, and M. William Sharp, Ambassadeur des États-Unis à Paris, à M. Declassé, Ministre des Affaires étrangères, May 28, 1915, in Beylerian, Les grandes puissances, pp. 23, 25–26, 27–28, 29, 31; RG 59, 867.4016/67, Sharp to Secretary of State, May 28, 1915; RG 59, 867.4016/67, Secretary of State Bryan to American Embassy,
Constantinople, May 29, 1915.
.
72.Hikmet Yusuf Bayur, Türk Inkılâbı Tarihi, vol. 3: 1914–1918 Genel Savası, pt. 3, 1915–1917 Vurusmaları ve Bunların Siyasal Tepkileri [History of the Turkish Revolution, vol. 3: The 1914–1918 World War, the Battles of 1915–1917 and Their Political Effects] (Ankara: Türk Tarih Kurumu, 1957), pp. 37–38, cited in Richard G. Hovannisian, Armenia on the Road to Independence, 1918 (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1967), p. 50.
73.Henry H. Riggs, Days of Tragedy in Armenia: Personal Experiences in Harpoot, 1915–1917 (Ann Arbor: Gomidas Institute, 1997), p. 92.
74.Bibliothèque Nubar (Paris), 1090–1091, Boghos Nubar to Lieutenant-Colonel G.M. Gregory, May 25, 1915, Boghos Nubar Papers, p. 54.
75.Ibid., 1107–1110, Levon Meguerditchian to Boghos Nubar, May 28, 1915,
Boghos Nubar Papers, p. 65.
76.Ibid., 1534–1537, Boghos Nubar to Bishop Ghevont Tourian, Aug. 10, 1915, Boghos Nubar Papers, pp. 255–56; Der Yeghiayan, Memoirs, p. 89; Lepsius, Rapport, pp. 237–38; Barby, Pays, p. 57.
77.Ghazar Chareg, Karinapatum: Hushamatian Bardzr Hayki [Karin: Memorial Volume of upper Armenia] (Beirut: Karin Compatriotic Union of the United States and Lebanon, 1957), pp. 469–70; Lepsius, Rapport, p. 69.
78.Ibid., pp. 466–67; Treatment, Doc. 56; Ghazarian, Tseghaspan, p. 114.
79.Payaslian, “Death of Armenian Karin/Erzerum,” pp. 352–53.
80.Davis, Slaughterhouse Province, p. 7.
81.RG 59, 867.4016/85/105/114, Heizer to Morgenthau, June 28, 1915, Morgenthau to Secretary of State, July 26, 1915, Heizer to Secretary of State, July 12, 1915, encl. Heizer to Morgenthau, June 28, 1915; Ghazarian, Tseghaspan, pp. 74–77; M. Gushakchian, “Trapizoni ev Samsoni teghahanutiunn u jardere” [The Deportation and Massacres of Trebizond and Samson], in Aharonian, Hushamatian, p. 468.
82.RG 59, 876.4016/122, Morgenthau to Secretary of State, Aug. 10, 1915, encl., Doc. 3, report by Dashnaktsutiun Committee, Balkan Section.
83.RG 59, 867.4016/288, Hoffman Philip to Secretary of State, June 12, 1916, encl., report by Dr. C.E. Clark, May 31, 1916.
84.Barby, Pays, p. 116.
Notes |
259 |
85.Treatment, Doc. 86, 87, and p. 647; Lepsius, Rapport, p. 62.
86.RG 59, 867.4016/288, Hoffman Philip to Secretary of State, June 12, 1916, encl., report by Dr. C.E. Clark, May 31, 1916; Hayk Naggashian, “Sebastahayutian brnagaghtn u jarde” [The Forced Deportation and Massacre of the Armenians of Sebastia], in Aharonian, Hushamatian, pp. 368–69.
87.RG 59, 867.4016/106, Morgenthau to Secretary of State, July 26, 1915, encl., report on “Conditions in Marsovan”; Ghazarian, Tseghaspan, pp. 93–94; Chormisian, Hamapatker, p. 452.
88.Simon Payaslian, “The Armenian Resistance at Shabin-Karahisar, 1915,” in
Armenian Sebastia/Sivas and Lesser Armenia, ed. Richard G. Hovannisian (Costa Mesa, CA: Mazda, 2004), pp. 403–26.
89.RG 59, 867.4016/225/241/373, Jackson to Secretary of State, Oct. 16, 1915, encl., “Armenian Exodus from Harpoot”; Morgenthau to Secretary of State, Nov. 17, 1915, encl., “Miss Alma Johanson’s Report”; Jackson to Secretary of State, report, “Armenian Atrocities,” March 4, 1918; Treatment, Docs. 23, 66; Akuni, Milion, pp. 153–55. Tacy W. Atkinson, “Statement of Dr. Tacy W. Atkinson,” Ruth A. Parmelee, “A Visit to the Exile Camp in Mezereh,” and “Statement by Isabelle Harley,” in “Turkish Atrocities”: Statements of American Missionaries on the Destruction of Christian Communities in Ottoman Turkey, 1915–1917, comp. James L. Barton (Ann Arbor, MI: Gomidas Institute, 1998), pp. 41, 59, 65; Tacy Atkinson, “The German, the Turk and the Devil Made a Triple Alliance”: Harpoot Diaries, 1908–1917 (Princeton, NJ: Gomidas Institute, 2000), pp. 40–41.
90.Atkinson, Harpoot, p. 39.
91.Ghazarian, Tseghaspan, pp. 149–52; Krieger, Yosghati hayaspanutyan vaveragrakan patmutyune [The Documentary History of the Armenocide in Yozgat] (New York: Vosketar, 1980), pp. 142–43; Clara Childs Richmond, “The Turkish Atrocities,” in Barton, “Turkish Atrocities,” p. 123; Treatment, Docs. 93–98; Vardan, Zhamanakagrutiun, p. 49.
92.Der Yeghiayan, Memoirs, p. 82.
93.Akuni, Milion, pp. 193–94; Chormisian, Hamapatker, pp. 480–81.
94.Akuni, Milion, p. 228.
95.Treatment, Docs. 105, 106, 107, 109, 110, 113, 143.
96.Horizon (Armenian daily), Tiflis, Aug. 21, 1915, as reported by Barby, Au pays de l’épouvante, pp. 189–90. Barby puts the number of refugees in Echmiadzin at 45,000 (p. 188). Treatment, Docs. 46, 48, 49, 50.
97.Morgenthau, Story, p. 314; Walker, Armenia, p. 226.
98.Treatment, Docs. 9, 139.
99.RG 59, 867.4016/148, Morgenthau to Secretary of State, Aug. 30, 1915, encl., Jackson to Morgenthau, Aug. 19, 1915; RG 59, 867.4016/219, Morgenthau to Secretary of State, Nov. 1, 1915, encl., Jackson to Morgenthau, Sept. 29, 1915. See also Treatment, Docs. 134, 136, 139, 143; Der Yeghiayan, Memoirs, p. 96; Akuni, Milion, pp. 126–35.
100.Adamantios Polyzoides, “The Passing of Turkey,” Current History 15 (Oct. 1921): 33; Dadrian, “Genocide as a Problem,” pp. 221–334.
7THE REPUBLIC OF ARMENIA: THE FIRST REPUBLIC
1.Hayastani Hanrapetutyun, Arvesti, Grakanutyan ev Mamuli Pastatghteri Petakan Kentronakan Arkhiv [Republic of Armenia, State Central Archives of Art, Literature, and Media], Vaveragrer Hay ekeghetsu patmutyan, Girk G: Artak
260 |
Notes |
Episkopos Smbatyants: Hogevor, grakan, patma-banakan gortsuneutyune ev gndakaharutyune, 1876–1937 tt.) [Documents of the History of the Armenian Church, Book 3: Bishop Artak Smbatyants: His Spiritual, Literary, HistoricalPhilological Works and Execution (1867–1937)], comp. Sandro Behbudyan (Erevan: Anahit, 1999), Doc. 67, pp. 126–30.
2.Simon Vratsian, Hayastani Hanrapetutiun [The Republic of Armenia], 2nd pr. (Beirut: Mshak, 1958), p. 17; Simon Vratsian, Kianki ughinerov: Depker, demker, aprumner [Along Life’s Ways: Episodes, Figures, Experiences] (Beirut: Mshak, 1963), vol. 3, p. 150.
3.Richard G. Hovannisian, Armenia on the Road to Independence, 1918 (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1967), pp. 70–71.
4.Vaveragrer, Girk G, Doc. 81, pp. 143–44.
5.Hovannisian, Armenia on the Road to Independence, pp. 71–72; Richard G. Hovannisian, “Armenia and the Caucasus in the Genesis of the Soviet-Turkish Entente,” International Journal of Middle East Studies 4:2 (April 1973): 129–47.
6.James Bunyan and H.H. Fisher, The Bolshevik Revolution, 1917–1918: Documents and Materials (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1934), pp. 282–83; Merle Fainsod, How Russia Is Ruled (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University
Press, 1953), pp. 80–83. See also Alfred D. Low, Lenin on the Question of Nationality (New York: Bookman, 1958); Bertram D. Wolfe, Three Who Made a Revolution, rev. ed. (New York: Dell, 1964).
7. Hovannisian, Armenia on the Road to Independence, pp. 96, 111–13; A.N. Mnatsakanyan, V.I. Lenine ev Hay zhoghovrdi azatagrakan paykare [V.I. Lenin and the Armenian People’s Struggle for Freedom] (Erevan: Armenian Academy of Sciences, 1962), p. 272; Stepan Shahumyan, Erker [Works] (Erevan: Armenian Academy of Sciences, 1958), vol. 3, pp. 37–39. On Shahumyan, see Lendrush A. Khurshudyan, Stepan Shahumyan: Petakan ev partiakan gortsuneutyune, 1917–1918 tvakannerin [Stepan Shahumyan: Governmental and Party Activity during the Years 1917–1918] (Erevan: Armenian Academy of Sciences, Institute of History, 1959).
8.Mary K. Matossian, The Impact of Soviet Policies in Armenia (Leiden: E.J. Brill, 1962), p. 25; Vratsian, Hayastani Hanrapetutiun, pp. 53–54.
9.Hovannisian, Armenia on the Road to Independence, pp. 109–10.
10.Ibid., p. 114.
11.W.E.D. Allen and Paul Muratoff, Caucasian Battlefields: A History of the Wars on the Turco-Caucasian Border, 1828–1921 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1953), pp. 458–62; Antoine Poidebard, “Rôle militaire des Arméniens sur le front du Caucase après la défection de l’armée russe (décembre 1917novembre 1919),” Revue des études arméniennes 1 (1920): 141–42.
12.See Hovannisian, Armenia on the Road to Independence, p. 104.
13.Allen and Muratoff, Caucasian Battlefields, pp. 463–64; Vratsian, Hayastani Hanrapetutiun, pp. 86–87.
14.Vahan Minakhorian, “Karsi ankume” [The Fall of Kars], Hayrenik amsagir 13 (Aug. 1935): 84; Hovannisian, Armenia on the Road to Independence, pp. 162–66; Vratsian, Hayastani Hanrapetutiun, pp. 104, 108–10, 112–13; Aleksandr Khatisian, Hayastani Hanrapetutian tsagumn u zargatsume [The Creation and Development of the Republic of Armenia], 2nd pr. (Beirut: Hamazkayin, 1968),
pp.42–44.
15.Khatisian, Hayastani Hanrapetutian, pp. 63–65; Richard Pipes, The Formation of the Soviet Union (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1997 [1954]),
pp.193–95; Vahan Minakhorian, “Batumi khorhrdazhoghove” [The Batum
Notes |
261 |
Conference], Hayrenik amsagir 12 (March 1936): 94; Vratsian, Hayastani Hanrapetutiun, pp. 113–15; Firuz Kazemzadeh, The Struggle for Transcaucasia, 1917–1921 (New York: Philosophical Library, 1951), p. 147.
16.Vratsian, Hayastani Hanrapetutiun, pp. 152–53; Hovannisian, Armenia on the Road to Independence, pp. 189–91.
17.See Aleksandr Khatisian, “Kaghakapeti me hishataknere” [The Memories of a Mayor], Hayrenik amsagir, part I, 9 (May 1932): 86–93.
18.Pipes, Formation, p. 208.
19.Jacques Kayaloff, The Battle of Sardarabad (The Hague: Mouton, 1973); Vratsian,
Hayastani Hanrapetutiun, pp. 116, 143.
20.See excerpt in Hovannisian, Armenia on the Road to Independence, pp. 196–97.
21.Ibid., p. 201; Vratsian, Hayastani Hanrapetutiun, p. 154.
22.Vratsian, Hayastani Hanrapetutiun, p. 181.
23.Richard G. Hovannisian, The Republic of Armenia, vol. 1: The First Years, 1918–1919 (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1971), pp. 42–43, 45–46; Vratsian, Hayastani Hanrapetutiun, pp. 183–87.
24.Harry R. Rudin, Armistice, 1918 (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1944),
pp.410–11; H.W.V. Temperely, A History of the Peace Conference of Paris
(London: H. Frowde, and Hodder & Stoughton, 1920), vol. 1, pp. 495–97.
25.Hovannisian, Republic, vol. 1, pp. 55–56, 60–62.
26.See Edouard Brémond, La Cilicie en 1919–1920 (Paris: Imprimerie nationale, 1921); Dikran Boyajian (Tigran Poyajian), Haykakan legione [The Armenian Legion] (Watertown, MA: Baykar, 1965).
27.Hovannisian, Republic, vol. 1, pp. 257–60. See also E.J. Dillon, The Inside Story of the Peace Conference (New York: Harper, 1920).
28.Hovannisian, Republic of Armenia, vol. 2: From Versailles to London, 1919–1920
(Berkeley: University of California Press, 1982), pp. 22, 26, 27, 35–37.
29.Simon Payaslian, United States Policy toward the Armenian Question and the Armenian Genocide (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2005); Laurence Evans,
United States Policy and the Partition of Turkey, 1914–1924 (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Press, 1965); Richard H. Ullman, Anglo-Soviet Relations, 1917–1921, vol. 2: Britain and the Russian Civil War, November 1918-February 1920
(Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1968), pp. 65–80.
30.Hovannisian, Republic, vol. 1, pp. 109–14, 121; Vratsian, Hayastani Hanrapetutiun,
pp.214–21.
31.Vratsian, Hayastani Hanrapetutiun, pp. 211–13; Arno J. Mayer, Politics and Diplomacy of Peacemaking: Containment and Counterrevolution at Versailles, 1918–1919 (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1967), pp. 373–409, 853–56; Pierre Renaudel, L’internationale à Berne: Faits et documents (Paris: B. Grasset, 1919),
pp.87–91.
32.See E. Ishkhanian, “Depkere Gharabaghum: Chshtumner ev ditoghutiunner” [The Events in Karabagh: Corrections and Observations], Hayrenik amsagir 11 (Sept. 1933): 85–91.
33.A. Babalian, Ejer Hayastani ankakhutyan patmutyunits [Pages from the History of Armenian Independence] (Cairo: Husaber, 1959), pp. 30–33; Vratsian, Hayastani Hanrapetutiun, pp. 296–99; Hovannisian, Republic, vol. 1, pp. 90, 175–76.
34.Arsen Mikayelian, “Gharabaghi verjin depkere” [The Recent Events in Karabagh], Hayrenik amsagir 1 (May 1923): 162–63; Khatisian, Hayastani Hanrapetutian, pp. 152–54; Sarur, “Gharabaghi ktsume Adrbejani” [The Annexation of Karabagh to Azerbaijan], Hayrenik amsagir 7 (June 1929): 133–36; Vratsian, Hayastani Hanrapetutiun, pp. 285, 312–13.
262 |
Notes |
35.Grigor Agababian, “The Economic Situation of the Armenian Republic,” Armenian Review 16 (April 1920): 308–15.
36.Vratsian, Hayastani Hanrapetutiun, pp. 174–75, 226–27; Khatisian, Hayastani Hanrapetutian, pp. 113–14; Ruben Ter Minasian, Hay heghapokhakani me hishataknere [The Memories of an Armenian Revolutionary] (Los Angeles: Horizon, 1952), vol. 3, pp. 228–32, 271–76, 329–39; Hovannisian, Republic, vol. 1,
pp.152–53.
37.George Stewart, The White Armies of Russia: A Chronicle of Counter-Revolution and Allied Intervention (New York: Macmillan, 1933), pp. 155–163; Ullman,
Anglo-Soviet Relations, vol. 2, pp. 62–70, 212–30; Mayer, Politics and Diplomacy,
pp.308–15; Kazemzadeh, Struggle, pp. 181–82, 234–38.
38.Zarevand, Krnank hashtvil Turkin het? [Can We Reconcile with the Turk?] (n.p., 1926).
39. Lord Kinross, Ataturk: The Rebirth of a Nation (London: Weidenfeld and
.
Nicolson, 1964), pp. 202–19; Ulug˘ Ig˘demir, Sivas kongresi tutanakları [Minutes of the Sivas Congress] (Ankara: Türk Tarih Kurumu Basımevi, 1969); Hovannisian, Republic, vol. 1, pp. 434–36.
40.Khatisian, Hayastani Hanrapetutian, pp. 129–31; Hovannisian, Republic, vol. 1,
pp.460–61; Vratsian, Hayastani Hanrapetutiun, pp. 237–38, 254–65.
41.Hovannisian, Republic, vol. 1, pp. 464–66, vol. 2, p. 17; Vratsian, Hayastani Hanrapetutiun, pp. 239–40, 278–80.
42.Ter Minasian, Hay heghapokhakani, vol. 7, pp. 225–36, 271–339, 340–43; Hovannisian, Republic, vol. 2, pp. 280–83.
43.Hovannisian, Republic, vol. 2, pp. 286–89, 291, 292.
44.Ibid., pp. 294–95.
45.Ibid., pp. 295–97, 301; Vaveragrer, Girk G, Doc. 104, pp. 173–74.
46.Payaslian, United States, Chs. 10–11, pp. 142–78.
47.President Wilson appointed Henry Churchill King, president of Oberlin College, and Charles R. Crane, an industrialist and a close friend, to head the commission. The King-Crane Commission visited Jaffa, Jerusalem, Beirut, Aleppo, Adana, and Constantinople. Harry N. Howard, The King-Crane Commission: An American Inquiry in the Middle East (Beirut: Khayat, 1963),
p.32; Hovannisian, Republic, vol. 2, p. 323. James B. Gidney, A Mandate for Armenia (Kent: Kent State University Press, 1967), pp. 143–51; On the expectations of the Wilson administration regarding the U.S. role in international relations after the war, see Payaslian, United States, Chs. 9–12; William C. Redfield, “America’s International Trade as Affected by the European War,”
Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 60 (July 1915): 14–15.
48.H. Khachaturian, “Amerikian zinvorakan arakelutiune depi Hayastan” [The American Military Mission to Armenia], Hayrenik amsagir, parts I-II, 19 (Nov.–Dec. 1940): 119–30, 64–80; Payaslian, United States, pp. 157–60; 166–67.
49.On Wilson, see Lloyd E. Ambrosius, Wilsonian Statecraft (Wilmington, DE: Scholarly Resource Books, 1991); Thomas J. Knock, To End All Wars (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1992); Arno J. Mayer, Political Origins of the New Diplomacy, 1917–1918 (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1959). Armenian political organizations in the United States are discussed in Manuk G. Chizmechian, Patmutiun Amerikahay kaghakakan kusaktsutiants, 1890–1925
[History of American Armenian Political Parties, 1890–1925] (Fresno, CA: Nor Or, 1930).