238 |
Notes |
razmakan mijotsarumnere Buzantakan Hayastanum ev Hayeri entvzumnere kaysrutyan dem” [The Political-Administrative and Military Approaches of Justinian I in Byzantine Armenia and the Armenian Opposition against the Empire], in Aghayan, Hay zhoghovrdi patmutyun, vol. 2, p. 232; George Ostrogorsky, History of the Byzantine State, rev. ed., trans. Joan Hussey (New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 1969), p. 71; Frye, “Political History,” pp. 153–59.
67.Iskanyan, Hay-Buzandakan haraberutyunnere, p. 170; Garsoian, “Marzpanate,”
pp.103–04; Adonts, Armenia, pp. 76, 80, 94.
68.Adonts, Armenia, pp. 103–11, 133–36, 151–52; Garsoian, “Marzpanate,” p. 104.
69.Bartikyan, “Hustinianos,” pp. 246–47.
70.Adonts, Armenia, p. 153.
71.Garsoian, “Problem of Armenian Integration,” p. 68.
72.Ostrogorsky, Byzantine State, p. 79; Bartikyan, “Hustinianos,” p. 242; Garsoian, “Marzpanate,” pp. 108–9; Frye, “Political History,” pp. 159, 163–65; Ostrogorsky, Byzantine State, p. 80; V.K. Iskanyan, “Marzpanakan Hayastane vi darum” [Marzpanate Armenia in the Sixth Century], in Aghayan, Hay zhoghovrdi patmutyun, vol. 2, pp. 263–66; Iskanyan, Hay-Buzantakan haraberutyunnere, pp. 370–94.
73.A.N. Ter-Ghevondyan, “Hayastani kaghakakan inknuruynutyune vii dari 30–90- akan tt.” [The Distinct Characteristics of Armenian Politics during the 30s-90s of the Seventh Century], in Aghayan, Hay zhoghovrdi patmutyun, vol. 2, p. 306.
74.Nina Garsoian, “The Arab Invasions and the Rise of the Bagratuni (640–884),” in Hovannisian, Armenian People, vol. 1, p. 121. Ter-Ghevondyan, “Hayastani kaghakakan inknuruynutyune,” pp. 311–12.
75.Garsoian, “Arab Invasions,” pp. 120–22; A.N. Ter-Ghevondyan, Arabakan amirayutyunnere Bagratuniats Hayastanum [The Arab Emirates in Bagratuni Armenia] (Erevan: Armenian Academy of Sciences, 1965), pp. 42–43.
76.A.N. Ter-Ghevondyan, “Hay zhoghovrdi paykare khalifayutyan ltsi dem” [The Struggle of the Armenian People against the Yoke of the Caliphate], in Aghayan, Hay zhoghovrdi patmutyun, vol. 2, pp. 325–26; Ter-Ghevondyan,
Arabakan amirayutyunnere, p. 43.
77.Ter-Ghevondyan, “Hay zhoghovrdi paykare,” p. 329; Matevosyan,
Bagratuniner, p. 17.
78.Nina G. Garsoian, The Paulician Heresy (The Hague: Mouton, 1967); Seta B. Dadoyan, The Fatimid Armenians: Cultural and Political Interaction in the Near East (Leiden: Brill, 1997); S.T. Melik-Pakhshian, Pavlikyan sharzhume hayastanum [The Paulician Movement in Armenia] (Erevan: Erevan State University, 1953); Leo, Erkeri zhoghovatsu, p. 418; H.M. Bartikyan, “Pavlikyan sharzhume Hayastanum vii-ix darerum” [The Paulician Movement in Armenia from the Seventh to Ninth Centuries], in Aghayan, Hay zhoghovrdi patmutyun, vol. 2, pp. 389–403.
79.Ter-Ghevondyan, “Hay zhoghovrdi paykare,” pp. 335–36, 340–41; Garsoian, “Arab Invasions,” p. 129; Nikoghayos Adonts, “Bagratuniats parke” [The Bagratuni Dynasty], in Patmakan usumnasirutyunner [Historical Studies] (Paris: A. Ghukasian, 1948), p. 51.
80.B.N. Arakelyan, “Haykakan petakanutyan verakangnume,” in Aghayan, Hay zhoghovrdi patmutyun, vol. 3, p. 14; Ter-Ghevondyan, Arabakan amirayutyunnere,
pp.44–45.
81.Howard-Johnston, “Byzantine Anzitene,” pp. 258–61; Garsoian, “Arab Invasions,” p. 133.
82.Matevosyan, Bagratuniner, p. 19.
Notes |
239 |
83.Arakelyan, “Haykakan petakanutyan verakangnume,” pp. 14–15.
84.Minorsky, Studies, p. 118; Matevosyan, Bagratuniner, pp. 20–21.
85.Ostrogorsky, Byzantine State, p. 237.
3THE BAGRATUNI KINGDOM AND DISINTEGRATION
1.A. Ter-Ghevondyan, Arabakan amirayutyunnere Bagratuniats Hayastanum [The Arab Emirates in Bagratuni Armenia] (Erevan: Armenian Academy of Sciences, 1965), p. 101; Yovhanne¯s Drasxanakertc‘i (Hovhannes Draskhanakerttsi), History of Armenia, trans. and comm. Krikor H. Maksoudian (Atlanta: Scholars Press, 1987), p. 128.
2.George Ostrogorsky, History of the Byzantine State, rev. ed., trans. Joan Hussey (New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 1969), p. 237.
3.For example, he minted no coins of his own. Nina Garsoian, “The Independent Kingdoms of Medieval Armenia,” in The Armenian People from Ancient to Modern Times, vol. 1: The Dynastic Periods, ed. Richard G. Hovannisian (New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1997), p. 148.
4.Babgen N. Arakelyan, “Haykakan petakanutyan verakangnume” [The Revival of the Armenian Government], in Hay zhoghovrdi patmutyun [History of the Armenian People], ed. Ts.P. Aghayan et al. (Erevan: Armenian Academy of Sciences, 1976), vol. 3, pp. 19, 23; Rafael Matevosyan, Bagratuniner: Patmatohmabanakan hanragitaran [Bagratunis: Historic-Genealogical Encyclopedia] (Erevan: Anahit, 1997), p. 22.
5.Garsoian, “Independent,” p. 150.
6.Rafael Matevosyan, Bagratunyats Hayastani petakan karutsvatskn u varchakan karge [The State Structure and Administrative Organization of Bagratuni Armenia] (Erevan: Armenian Academy of Sciences, 1990), pp. 158–59.
7.Hakob A. Manandyan, The Trade and Cities of Armenia in Relation to the Ancient World, 2nd rev. ed., trans. Nina G. Garsoian (Lisbon: Calouste Gulbenkian Foundation, 1965), p. 137; Garsoian, “Independent,” p. 144.
8.Matevosyan, Bagratunyats Hayastani, pp. 97, 220.
9.Babgen N. Arakelyan, “Erkri miavorman dzgtume ev paykar otar nerkhuzhman dem” [The Aspiration toward the Unity of the Land and Struggle against Foreign Invasion], in Aghayan, Hay zhoghovrdi patmutyun, vol. 3, pp. 26–28; Charles Burney and David Marshall Lang, The Peoples of the Hills: Ancient Ararat and Caucasus (London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1971; repr. London: Phoenix Press, 2001), p. 209; Matevosyan, Bagratuniner, p. 21; Garsoian, “Independent Kingdoms,” pp. 150–52.
10.Ter-Ghevondyan, Arabakan, p. 112; Arakelyan, “Erkri,” p. 29.
11.Manandyan, Trade, pp. 139–40.
12.Arakelyan, “Erkri,” pp. 30–31; Garsoian, “Independent,” p. 154.
13.Arakelyan, “Erkri,” p. 31.
14.Ibid., pp. 31–32.
15.Ibid., pp. 32–34.
16.Ibid., pp. 34–37; Ter-Ghevondyan, Arabakan, pp. 123–24.
17.Matevosyan, Bagratunyats Hayastani, p. 116.
18.Garsoian, “Independent,” pp. 156–58; Arakelyan, “Erkri,” pp. 38–39.
19.Arakelyan, “Erkri,” p. 39.
20.Ibid., pp. 40–41.
240 |
Notes |
21.Drasxanakertc‘i, History of Armenia, p. 185.
22.Ter-Ghevondyan, Arabakan, p. 132; George A. Bournoutian, AHistory of the Armenian People, vol. 1: Pre-History to 1500 A.D. (Costa Mesa, CA: Mazda, 1993), p. 109.
23.Garsoian, “Independent,” p. 159; Bournoutian, History, p. 110.
24.Garsoian, “Independent,” p. 160; Matevosyan, Bagratunyats Hayastani, p. 116; Arakelyan, “Erkri,” pp. 37–38, 43; A.N. Ter-Ghevondyan, “Arabakan amirayutyunnere Hayastanum” [The Arab Emirates in Armenia], in Aghayan, Hay zhoghovrdi patmutyun, vol. 3, p. 62.
25.Garsoian, “Independent,” p. 176.
26.Kh.A. Torosyan, “Datavarutyune mijnadaryan Hayastanum” [The Court System in Armenia during the Middle Ages], Patma-banasirakan handes 3 (1966): 39–52; A.G. Adoyan, “Haykakan amusna-entanekan haraberutyunnere mijnadaryan orenknerum” [Armenian Matrimonial-Familial Relations According to the Laws of the Middle Ages], Patma-banasirakan handes 3 (1965): 63.
27.Torosyan, “Datavarutyune,” pp. 39–41, 44–45, 49–51.
28.Ibid., p. 47; Adoyan, “Haykakan,” pp. 56–58; S.G. Barkhudaryan, “Hay knoj iravakan vichake mijin darerum” [The Legal Situation of Armenian Women during the Middle Ages], Patma-banasirakan handes 2 (1966): 34–35.
29.V.M. Harutyunyan, “Mijnadaryan Hayastani kaghakashinakan kulturan” [The Culture of City Construction in Armenia in the Middle Ages], Patmabansirakan handes 2 (1963): 85–99; Babken Arakelyan, Hayastani kaghaknere xi-xiii darerum [The Cities of Armenia during the Eleventh-Thirteenth Centuries] (Erevan: Armenian Academy of Sciences, 1956).
30.Manandyan, Trade, pp. 148–49; Harutyunyan, “Mijnadaryan,” p. 86.
31.Babgen N. Arakelyan, “Hayastani mijnadaryan kaghakneri bnakchutyan sotsialakan kazme” [The Social Composition of Urban Population in Armenia during the Middle Ages], Patma-banasirakan handes 2 (1958): 43.
32.Ibid., pp. 37–65.
33.Ashot Hovhannisyan, “Ardyok mijnadaryan Hayastanum teghi unetsel e kapitali nakhaskzbnakan kutakum” [Did Preliminary Accumulation of Capital Appear in Armenia during the Middle Ages?], Patma-banasirakan handes 1 (1959): 202–23; V.K. Chaloyan, “Norits kapitali nakhaskzbnakan kutakman ev harakits hartseri masin” [Once More Regarding Accumulation of Capital and Related Issues], Patma-banasirakan handes 3 (1960): 152–71.
34.Arakelyan, “Hayastani mijnadaryan kaghakneri,” pp. 37–65; Babgen N. Arakelyan, “Aprankayin artadrutyan ev arhestagortsutyan tekhnikayi zargatsume Hayastanum ix-xiii darerum” [The Development of Production of Goods and Industrial Technology in Armenia during the Ninth-Thirteenth Centuries], Patma-banasirakan handes 2–3 (1959): 97–107; Hovhannisyan, “Mijnadaryan Hayastanum,” pp. 202–23; Chaloyan, “Norits,” pp. 152–71.
35.Manandyan, Trade, pp. 150–53; Garsoian, “Independent,” pp. 181, 183, 184; Hovhannisyan, “Mijnadaryan Hayastanum,” p. 219.
36.Garsoian, “Independent,” p. 182.
37.Nina G. Garsoian, The Paulician Heresy (The Hague: Mouton, 1967); Garsoian, “Independent,” pp. 173–74; S.T. Melik-Pakhshyan, Pavlikyan sharzhume Hayastanum [The Paulician Movement in Armenia] (Erevan: Erevan State University, 1953); Vrej Nersessian, The Tondrakian Movement (Allison Park, PA: Pickwick Publications, 1988); Ter-Ghevondyan, Arabakan, pp. 234–38.
38.Ter-Ghevondyan, Arabakan, pp. 137, 147; Garsoian, “Independent,” p. 161; Arakelyan, “Erkri,” pp. 44–45.
Notes |
241 |
39.Babgen N. Arakelyan, “Bagratunyats tagavorutyan bargavachume” [The Prosperity of the Bagratuni Kingdom], in Aghayan, Hay zhoghovrdi patmutyun, vol. 3, pp. 48–49; S.T. Eremyan, “Karse ix-xi darerum” [Kars in the NinthEleventh Centuries], in Aghayan, Hay zhoghovrdi patmutyun, vol. 3, p. 94; Garsoian, “Independent,” p. 163.
40.Matevosyan, Bagratuniner, p. 43; Ter-Ghevondyan, Arabakan, pp. 168–71.
41.Matevosyan, Bagratuniner, pp. 90–91; T.M. Sahakyan, “Syunyats tagavorutyan himnume ev nra kaghakakan dere xi darum” [The Establishment of the Kingdom of Siunik and Its Political Role in the Eleventh Century], Patmabanasirakan handes 3 (1966): 221–28; R.I. Matevosyan, Tashir-Dzoraget (Erevan: Armenian Academy of Sciences, 1982); Vrezh M. Vardanyan, Vaspurakani Artsrunyats tagavorutyune, 908–1021 tt. [The Artsruni Kingdom of Vaspurakan, 908–1021] (Erevan: Erevan State University, 1969).
42.Nina G. Garsoian, “The Problem of Armenian Integration into the Byzantine Empire,” in Studies on the Internal Diaspora of the Byzantine Empire, ed. Hélène Ahrweiler and Angeliki E. Laiou (Washington, DC: Dumbarton Oaks, 1998),
p.99.
43.Torosyan, “Datavarutyune,” pp. 39–52.
44.Matevosyan, Bagratuniner, pp. 91–92; Sahakyan, “Syunyats,” p. 222.
45.T.Kh. Hakobyan, Patmakan Hayastani kaghaknere [The Cities of Historic Armenia] (Erevan: Hayastan, 1987), p. 39.
46.Matevosyan, Bagratuniner, pp. 100–1; Matevosyan, Bagratunyats Hayastani,
pp.208–9.
47.Matteos Urhayetsi, Zhamanakagrutyun [Chronicle], ed. and trans. Ara Dostourian, Armenia and the Crusades: The Chronicle of Matthew of Edessa
(Lanham, MD: University Press of America, 1993), pp. 20–21.
48.Matevosyan, Bagratuniner, p. 101; Arakelyan, “Bagratunyats tagavorutyan bargavachume,” pp. 52–53.
49.Arakelyan, “Bagratunyats tagavorutyan bargavachume,” pp. 54–55; Bournoutian, History, p. 114.
50.Matevosyan, Bagratuniner, p. 86.
51.Garsoian, “Independent,” p. 167; Matevosyan, Bagratuniner, pp. 32–33.
52.Leo (Arakel Babakhanian), Ani (Erevan: Haypethrat, 1946), pp. 232–34; Arakelyan, “Bagratunyats tagavorutyan bargavachume,” pp. 52–56.
53.See Sargis V. Bornazyan, Hayastane ev Selchuknere, xi-xii tt. [Armenia and the Seljuks, Eleventh-Twelfth Centuries] (Erevan: Armenian Academy of Sciences, 1980).
54.J.D. Howard-Johnston, “Byzantine Anzitene,” in Armies and Frontiers in Roman and Byzantine Anatolia, ed. Stephen Mitchell (Oxford: B.A.R., 1983), p. 249; Warren Treadgold, A History of the Byzantine State and Society (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1997), pp. 512–14; Babgen N. Arakelyan, “Bagratunyats tagavorutyune x dari verjin ev xi dari skzbnerin” [The Bagratuni Kingdom during the Late 10th Century and Early 11th Century], in Aghayan, Hay zhoghovrdi patmutyun, vol. 3, p. 129.
55.Garsoian, “Independent,” pp. 168–69.
56.Arakelyan, “Bagratunyats tagavorutyune x dari verjin,” pp. 135–37; Garsoian, “Independent,” p. 169; Mesrop Chanashian, Davit Kurapaghat (Venice:
Mekhiterist Press, 1972), pp. 53–57.
57. Matevosyan, Bagratuniner, p. 35; Matevosyan, Bagratuniats Hayastani, pp. 221–22; Sahakyan, “Syunyats,” p. 224.
242 |
Notes |
58.Garsoian, “Independent,” p. 170; Nina Garsoian, “Byzantine Annexation of the Armenian Kingdoms in the Eleventh Century,” in Hovannisian, Armenian People, vol. 1, pp. 188–90.
59.Matevosyan, Bagratuniner, pp. 37–38, 41–42.
60.Aristakes Lastiverttsi, Patmutyun [History], ed. Karen N. Yuzbashyan (Erevan: Armenian Academy of Sciences, 1963), English trans. Robert Bedrosian (New York: n.p., 1985), p. 16; Matevosyan, Bagratuniner, pp. 41–42.
61.H.M. Bartikyan, “Bagratunyats tagavorutyan chknazhame” [The Crisis of the
Bagratuni Kingdom], in Aghayan, Hay zhoghovrdi patmutyun, vol. 3,
pp. 145–46; Matevosyan, Bagratuniner, pp. 41–42.
62.Matevosyan, Bagratuniner, p. 38; Bartikyan, “Bagratunyats tagavorutyan chknazhame,” pp. 144–45.
63.Sahakyan, “Syunyats,” p. 225.
64.Quoted in Garsoian, “Problem of Armenian Integration,” p. 117.
65.H.M. Bartikyan, “Bagratunyats tagavorutyan ankume” [The Fall of the Bagratuni Kingdom], in Aghayan, Hay zhoghovrdi patmutyun, vol. 3, p. 151; Matevosyan, Bagratuniner, p. 106; Garsoian, “Problem of Armenian Integration,” pp. 58–59, 71; Garsoian, “Byzantine Annexation,” p. 192.
66.Vladimir Minorsky, Studies in Caucasian History (London: Taylor’s Foreign Press, 1953), pp. 79–80; Garsoian, “Byzantine Annexation,” p. 192; Garsoian, “Problem of Armenian Integration,” pp. 58–59, 71, 79; Bartikyan, “Bagratunyats tagavorutyan ankume,” p. 151; Matevosyan, Bagratuniner, pp. 39, 106.
67.Matevosyan, Bagratuniner, pp. 40–41.
68.V.M. Vardanyan, “Byuzandakan kaysrutyan arajkhaghatsume ev Vaspurakani tagavorutyan veratsume” [The Advance of the Byzantine Empire and the Removal of the Vaspurakan Kingdom], in Aghayan, Hay zhoghovrdi patmutyun, vol. 3, pp. 141–43; Garsoian, “Byzantine Annexation,” p. 190; Robert H. Hewsen, “Van in This World; Paradise in the Next”: The Historical Geography of Van/Vaspurakan,” in Armenian Van/Vaspurakan, ed. Richard G. Hovannisian (Costa Mesa, CA: Mazda, 2000), pp. 28–29.
69.Lastiverttsi, Patmutyun, p. 19; V.K. Iskanyan, “Artsrunyats artagaghti masin” [Regarding the Emigration of the Artstrunis], Patma-banasirakan handes 3 (1965): 67–72, 82. On the Paulician community in the region, see Seda B. Dadoyan, The Fatimid Armenians (Leiden: Brill, 1997), pp. 49–53; Hrach Bartikyan, “Vaspurakantsiner Buzandakan kaysrutyan tsarayutyan mej xi-xii darerum” [Vaspurakanians in the Service of the Byzantine Empire in the Eleventh-Twelfth Centuries], Patma-banasirkan handes 3 (2000): 134–35.
70.Lastiverttsi, Patmutyun, pp. 91–92; Garsoian, “Byzantine Annexation,” p. 192; Matevosyan, Bagratunyats Hayastani, p. 203; Matevosyan, Bagratuniner, p. 44.
71.Matevosyan, Bagratuniner, p. 46; Sahakyan, “Syunyats,” p. 225.
72.Matevosyan, Bagratuniner, p. 46.
73.Ibid., p. 47.
74.Lastiverttsi, Patmutyun, pp. 76–77.
4 THE CILICIAN KINGDOM, THE CRUSADES, AND THE INVASIONS FROM THE EAST
1.M.K. Zulalyan, “Haykakan ishkhanutyan himnume Kilikiayum” [The Establishment of the Armenian Principality in Cilicia], in Hay zhoghovrdi