5.Cartilages form the larynx.
6.A thin serous membrane covers the lungs.
7.The lungs can change their volume in some circumstances.
8.Each ventricle of the heart must pump the same amount of blood.
9.An infected cell may release an unknown substance.
10.The rise of temperature may follow this reaction.
8.Переведите предложения на русский язык.
1.Легкие должны функционировать постоянно, чтобы поддерживать жизненную функцию организма.
2.Легкое может временно сжиматься у своего корня.
3.Описание этого заболевания должно быть включено в статью.
4.В медицинском журнале должны быть опубликованы детальные обзоры новых методов лечения респираторных заболеваний
5.Небольшое количество воды может вырабатываться легкими.
6.Аритмией можно управлять стандартным образом.
7. |
Специальный реагент коагуляции крови должен быть использован в |
|
данном случае. |
8. |
Жизненную емкость легких можно установить во время осмотра. |
36
Text A: The human blood and blood circulation.
Grammar: Present Simple: Active and Passive Voice.
1. Прочитайте слова вслух, обращая внимание на чтение выделенных букв и буквосочетаний
Alkaline; biconcave; compatible; corpuscle; distinct; degeneration; extra vascular; faint; specific; ground; leukocyte; leucopenia; loose; odour; opaque; protrude; purple; stuff; viscid; wound.
2.Укажите словообразовательные элементы в следующих словах. Определите часть речи. Переведите:
Average, coagulation, considerably, corresponding, disintegration, emigrate, extra vascular, filamentous, gaseous, specific, variety.
3.Определите время глагола-сказуемого. Переведите следующие предложения на русский язык.
1.Blood consists of a fluid, the plasma, containing various kinds of living cells and celllike bodies.
2.In man, the red corpuscles have the shape of biconcave blood discs.
3.Each corpuscle is stuffed with hemoglobin, a colouring organic substance.
4.Hemoglobin is an oxygen carrier.
5.Unlike the red corpuscles, the white cells are not all of one sort.
6.Leucocytes can protrude finger-shaped of filamentous processes of their substance by which they move and take up granules from the surrounding medium.
7.Thrombocytes liberate a special ferment which causes the clotting of blood.
8.In hemophilia blood coagulates only after a very long interval.
9.The full coagulation of hemophilic blood takes more than an hour.
4.Прочитайте и запомните следующие словосочетания. Придумайте предложения с этими словосочетаниями.
to the taste - |
на вкус |
under the microscope - |
под микроскопом |
to take place - |
иметь место, происходить |
carbon dioxide - |
двуокись углерода |
to give up - |
отказаться от |
to break down - |
распадаться, расщепляться; сломаться |
to play a part - |
играть роль |
to take up - |
захватить |
from hour to hour - |
от часа к часу |
from day to day - |
изо дня в день |
|
37 |
typhoid fever - |
тиф |
on the contrary - |
наоборот |
Vocabulary List |
|
alkaline - |
щелочной |
biconcave - |
двояковогнутый |
bleeding - |
кровотечение |
clotting - |
свертывание |
compatible - |
совместимый |
decrease - |
уменьшение |
degeneration - |
вырождение, дегенерация |
disintegration - |
распад, разложение |
faint – |
слабый |
filamentous - |
волокнистый |
to float - |
плавать, держаться на воде |
film - |
пленка |
ground - |
основа, основной |
to liberate - |
выделять, освобождать |
loose - |
свободный |
odour - |
запах |
opaque - |
непрозрачный |
to penetrate - |
проникать |
to protrude - |
выпячивать, выступать |
to stuff - |
наполнять, набивать |
to suspend - |
взвешивать, подвешивать |
viscid - |
вязкий, липкий |
wound - |
рана |
5. Прочитайте следующие слова и переведите их на русский язык. Придумайте ситуацию, используя эти слова.
Blood, substance, opaque, viscid, odour, minute, particles, erythrocytes, leucocytes, thrombocytes, corpuscles, biconcave, carbon, dioxide, hemoglobin, marrow, protrude, process, extravascular, coagulation, wound, occur.
6. Прочитайте текст “The human Blood” и переведите используя Vocabulary
List.
The Human Blood
Physical Properties of the human blood.
The blood is a variety of connective tissue, in which the ground substance is fluid, it is opaque, rather viscid. The colour of blood is bright red or scarlet when it flows in
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the arteries and dark red or purple when it flows in the veins. It is salt to the taste and has a peculiar faint odor and an alkaline reaction. Its specific gravity is about 1.159 and its temperature is generally about 37°, but it varies slightly in different parts of the blood.
Fundamental blood elements.
Blood consists of fluid, plasma, containing various kinds of living cells and cell-like bodies. Three kinds of cells or blood corpuscles float in the plasma, red cells (erythrocytes), white cells (leucocytes) and blood platelets, or thrombocytes.
1. Erythrocytes. In man, the red corpuscles have the shape of biconcave blood disk. The function of the red cells is to carry oxygen from the lungs to the tissues and transport carbon dioxide from the tissues to the lungs. Each corpuscle is stuffed with hemoglobin, a coloring organic substance.
Hemoglobin is an oxygen carrier. The amount of erythrocytes in the blood is enormous. In male adults, the number of red cells amounts on an average to 5000000 per cubic millimeter of blood. In women and in the earlier years of life in both sexes the number is somewhat below this. The red cells in the adult arise from
mother cells in the red bone marrow. |
|
2. Leucocytes. Unlike the red corpuscles, |
the white cells are not all of one sort. |
They differ in size and shape and in |
the character of their nuclei and so |
on. These morphological differences must mean a corresponding difference in function. The leucocytes play a very important part in the protection of the body against disease. They can protrude finger-shaped or filamentous processes of their substance, by which they move and take up granules from the surrounding medium. They are able to emigrate from the blood capillaries penetrating between the cells, which form their walls and thus finding their way to the extravasculer spaces. The total number of leucocytes in the adult blood varies between 1000 to 5000 per cubic millimeter of blood. It changes considerably from hour to hour and from day to day. A few hours after a meal there is a distinct increase of the number of leucocytes. A decrease below normal is called leucopenia fever. White cells are the natural product of two tissues in the body, the red marrow and the adenoid tissue. The bone marrow is the most important seat of blood formation, not only of red cells but also of white ones.
3.Thrombocytes or Blood Platelets, are somewhat irregular in outline and smaller than the red cells. The function of the blood platelets is to start the coagulation of blood and to stop the bleeding. They liberate a special ferment, which causes the clotting of blood. The normal number of platelets is from 200000 to 400000 per cubic millimeter of blood. When their number is less than 50000, a small wound will bleed for a long time. When their number is still less below 10000 per cubic millimeter of blood, a severe loss of blood from even very slight wound will occur.
The clotting of normal blood begins in 5 minutes and is over in 6 or 7 minutes.
In hemophilia, blood coagulates only after a very long interval, the full coagulation of hemophilic blood takes more than an hour.
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7. Найдите в тексте эквиваленты следующих слов и словосочетаний.
Основная субстанция; клетко-подобные тела; у человека эритроциты имеют форму двояковогнутых дисков; ткань; переносить двуокись углерода; гемоглобин; красящее органическое вещество; разновидность соединительной ткани; на вкус; лимфатическая ткань; кислородоноситель; окружающая среда; увеличение количества лейкоцитов; лейкопения функция кровяных пластинок вызывать свертывание крови.
8.Найдите синонимы слов.
ground |
- |
- |
scarlet |
|
|
bright red |
- |
- |
fundamental |
||
dark red |
- |
- |
smell |
|
|
peculiar |
- |
|
specific |
|
|
odour |
- |
- |
purple |
|
|
to vary |
- |
- |
liquid |
|
|
minute |
- |
- |
fine, |
tiny, |
very little |
particles |
- |
- |
cells, |
corpuscles |
|
fluid |
- |
- |
to differ |
|
|
various |
- |
- |
different |
|
|
to carry |
- |
- |
to fill |
|
|
to stuff |
- |
- |
to transport |
|
|
to breathe |
- |
- |
to respire |
|
|
the amount |
- |
- |
to seize |
|
|
to arise |
- |
- |
to originate |
|
|
disintegration |
- |
- |
break down |
|
|
to take up |
- |
- |
the number, |
a count |
|
total |
- |
- |
the whole |
|
|
to coagulate |
- |
- |
chief |
|
|
coagulation |
- |
- |
clotting |
|
|
main |
- |
- |
to clot |
|
|
9.Дайте синонимы подчеркнутым словам
1.The function of erythrocytes is to carry oxygen and carbon dioxide.
2.Thrombocytes are tiny particles of the blood.
3.Leuccocytes differ in size and shape.
4.The human blood has a specific odour.
5.The place of disintegration of erythrocytes is blood stream and lymphatic tissue of the spleen.
6.Leucocytes seize the foreign bodies with their processes.
7.The total number of leucocytes per one cubic millimeter of blood is from 5000 to 10000.
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