Texts: Skull Brain and Meninges
Grammar: Present Simple : Passive Voice.
1.Отработайте чтение слов. Переведите слова на русский язык.
Skull, cavity, brain, orbit, internal, face, ear, membrane, middle, substance.
2.Укажите словообразовательные элементы. Переведите слова на русский язык.
Including, firmly, enclose, eyeball, spongy, called, mucous, lining.
Vocabulary List |
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hyoid bone |
- подъязычная кость |
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to communicate |
- сообщаться |
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to contain |
- содержать, вмещать |
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cranial cavity |
- черепная полость |
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diploe |
- диплоэ (губчатое вещество костей свода черепа) |
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eyeball |
- глазное яблоко |
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firmly |
- твердо, крепко |
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to knit |
- скреплять |
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- мелкая кость |
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- слуховая косточка |
- нижняя челюсть
- пазуха
ossicle auditory ossicle mandible sinus
spongy lining
3. Назовите вторую и треть форму следующих глаголов.
tо be |
to hold |
to cover |
to make |
to consist |
to suffer |
to deal |
to call |
to fill |
to include |
to have |
to tell |
to knit |
to find |
to begin |
to take |
to form |
to come |
to build |
to develop |
to give |
to become |
to see |
to hear |
to contain |
to know |
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4. а) Повторите модели построения предложений в страдательном залоге в
Present Simple, Past Simple, Future Simple.
б) Сравните выделенные глаголы в парах предложений и укажите разницу между ними. Переведите предложения на русский язык.
1.Scientists know fundamental things. Fundamental things are known by scientists.
2.Scientists discovered cells three centuries ago. Cells were discovered by scientists three centuries ago.
3.Scientists will discover new phenomena. New phenomena will be discovered by scientists.
5.Изложите следующую информацию в страдательном залоге, сохранив временную форму глагола. Переведите предложения на русский язык.
1.Twenty-nine bones make the skull.
2.The cranial cavity contains the brain and its membranes.
3.They showed her the easiest way to do it.
4.Doctor Below analyzed many complex problems.
5.The students will learn the structure of the skull at the lesson.
6.This researcher will suggest a new technique of curing meningitis.
7.The increase of temperature will influence the medium.
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6.Найдите в тексте предложения с глаголами в страдательном залоге, переведите их на русский язык.
Skull
The skull is the skeleton of the head and face. The skull is made of twenty-nine bones including the mandible, the hyoid bone and the auditory ossicles (ear bones). Twenty-one bones are so firmly knit together that they are taken apart with difficulty; they are built together in such a way that they enclose one large cavity and three smaller ones. The large cavity is called the cranial cavity, and contains the brain and its membranes; the smaller cavities are the cavities of the nose, and the two orbits, which hold the eyeballs. There are lesser cavities contained within certain of the skullbones; these cavities are the middle-ear, the internal ear, and the air-sinuses. The skull bones consist of two plates or tables of compact substance that enclose a layer of spongy substance between them; in skull-bones this substance is called diploe. In some of them the diploe is absorbed leaving cavities or air-sinuses between the tables of compact bone; the sinuses communicate with the cavity of the nose and have a mucous lining continuous with that of the nose.
7.Закончите предложения, используя подходящие по смыслу слова или словосочетания в скобках. Переведите предложения на русский язык.
1.The skull is the skeleton of...(the head and face, the limbs).
2.The large cavity is called...(the cavity of the nose, the cranial cavity).
3.The skull is made of... (twenty-nine bones, a mucous lining).
4.The bones of the skull enclose... (one large cavity and three smaller ones, two large cavity and one smaller one).
8.Найдите в тексте английские эквиваленты следующих слов и словосочетаний. Составьте с ними предложения по содержанию текста.
-образован 29 костями;
-нижняя челюсть, подъязычная кость, слуховая косточка;
-черепная полость;
-глазное яблоко;
-названа диплоэ;
-пазуха сообщается с полостью носа.
9.Ответьте на следующие вопросы, используя информацию текста «Skull».
1.What is the skull?
2.How many bones is the skull made up of?
3.Why are the bones of the skull taken apart with difficulty?
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4.What cavities does the skull consist of?
5.What substance is called diploe?
10.Поставьте вопросы к выделенным словам:
1.A number of studies is presented in this journal.
2.The new forms of treatment are discussed by doctors.
3.The process of mitosis is studied by physiologists.
4.The paper was followed by a series of reports.
5.A typical experiment was carried out as follows.
6.The sick man was taken to hospital in an ambulance.
7.Much effort will be made to lower the incidence of infectious diseases.
8.This theory will be referred to in the journal.
9.This work will be much spoken about.
11.Переведите предложения на английский язык.
1.Скелет состоит более чем из 200 отдельных костей.
2.Новый метод был использован врачами в качестве комплексного лечения этого заболевания.
3.Череп - это скелет головы и лица.
4.Сердечнососудистая система подвергнется негативному воздействию при использовании этого лекарства.
5.Большое внимание будет уделяться лечению инфекционных заболеваний.
6.Вирус гриппа был выделен впервые в 1934.
7.Среди населения эффективные профилактические меры проводятся.
8.Этот учебник написан для студентов-медиков.
12.Изучите комментарии к тексту, прочтите текст и переведите текст на русский язык, используя словарь.
Brain and Meninges
This mass of nerve tissue, contained within the cranial cavity, is a greatly enlarged continuation of the spinal cord, and like the cord is formed by both grey and white matter. The grey matter is found on the outer surface where it forms a rather thin layer, the cortex, and in addition masses of grey matter are found embedded within the brain. The bulk of the brain is, however, formed by white matter which consists of nerve fibers. In man the brain of the adult weighs approximately three pounds. In the lower animals the brain is formed by three distinct masses, easily recognized as the forebrain, the midbrain, and the hindbrain. Because the forebrain is so markedly developed (44 oz.) in man, it folds over the other divisions of the brain in such a fashion that it is difficult to distinguish the separate portion. The forebrain consists mainly of two large cerebral hemispheres which are almost completely separated by a
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deep median fissure. The two hemispheres are connected, however, by large masses of fibers which carry impulses from each hemisphere to the other. The outer surface, cortex, of the cerebrum is markedly folded into convolutions or gyri, thus serving to increase greatly the total area of cortical grey matter. The midbrain may be considered as a connection between the other two divisions. The hindbrain is formed by the cerebellum, the medulla oblongata and the pons Varoli. .
If a transverse section is made through the cerebral hemispheres, the outer cortex, the inner white matter and the embedded grey matter may be observed. In addition some of the cavities within the brain may be seen. These cavities, ventricles, are merely numbered, from before back, and are known as the first, second, third and fourth ventricles. The ventricles are filled with a lymphlike fluid known as the cerebrospinal fluid, it being likewise found within the tiny central canal of the spinal cord.
Surrounding the brain and spinal cord are three membranous coverings. The outer one is the heavier, tougher membrane and is called the dura mater. The middle covering is a delicate membrane resembling a spider web, hence its name, arachnoid while the inner membrane, that closely invests the brain and cord and dips into every fissure or sulcus, is the pia mater. The inner membrane, the pia, carries a rich supply of blood vessels which pass to the outer portion of the brain and cord. Inflammation of these coverings (the meninges) is known as meningitis, - hence one suffers from cerebral, spinal or cerebrospinal meningitis.
Комментарии к тексту
cortex - кора головного мозга
bulk - масса, основная часть чего-либо hemisphere- полушарие
fissure - щель, трещина, борозда cerebellum - мозжечок oblongata - продолговатый мозг ventricle - желудочек
arachnoid - паутинообразный, паутинная оболочка мозга cerebrospinal fluid – спинномозговая жидкость
dura mater - твердая мозговая оболочка pia mater - мягкая мозговая оболочка
13.Скажите, какие из приведенных утверждений соответствуют информации, содержащейся в тексте из упр.12., а какие - нет. Исправьте неверные утверждения.
1.The mass of nerve fibers, contained within the cranial cavity, is a greatly enlarged continuation of the spinal cord, and, like the cord is formed by both grey and white matter.
2.The grey matter is found on the outer surface.
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