Материал: Human Anatomy пособие

Text: Chest

Grammar: Compounds.

1.Прочтите слова, объясните по каким правилам, читаются выделенные буквы и буквосочетания. Переведите слова на русский язык.

Chest, trunk, breast, part, wide, root, below, plate, move, thick, upper, arm, further, beneath, side, right, down, vein, lung, surfaces, neck.

2.Укажите суффиксы и приставки в словах и определите, какими частями речи они являются. Переведите слова на русский язык.

Enclose, intercostal, generally, bronchial, plentiful, subdivide, probably,

- дыхательное горло

shoulder-blade vein windpipe

3. Переведите словосочетания на русский язык.

The upper part of the trunk, the root of the neck, thin muscular layers, intercostal muscles, lung disease, bronchial tubes, epithelial cells, pulmonary veins, pleural membrane, vital activity, body weight, the middle of the breastbone.

4.а) Найдите в тексте сложные существительные и переведите их на русский язык.

б) Прочтите и переведите текст на русский язык.

Chest

Chest, or thorax, is the upper part of the trunk. It is enclosed by the breast-bone and rib-cartilages in front, by the twelve ribs on each side, and by the hinder parts of these along with the spinal column behind. Above, it is continued by an opening a few inches wide, through which the windpipe, gullet, and large blood-vessels pass into the root of the neck; while, below, its cavity is separated from that of the abdomen by a thin dome-shaped plate of muscle, the diaphragm or midriff. Between each pair of ribs lie two thin muscular layers, the intercostal muscles, which fill up the spaces between the ribs, and move the chest wall in respiration. Its outlines are further covered and molded behind by four layers of muscles, sometimes several inches thick, and by the shoulder-blade with its muscles, and in front by the two pectoral muscles which pass from the ribs to the upper arm. Further, there is a more or less plentiful layer of fat beneath the skin.

The chest contains the lungs, one on each side, with the end of the windpipe, which divides into right and left bronchial tubes, to the two lungs; the heart in the middle and projecting on the left almost to the nipple, with the great vessels which carry blood from and to it; the gullet, which passes down on the left side of the spinal column to enter the abdomen through an opening in the diaphragm; the thoracic duct of the absorbent system, which runs up to enter a vein in the neck; and various important nerves which control the contained organs. Each lung is enclosed in a smooth, double membrane, the pleura, and the heart in a similar membrane, the pericardium.

5.Найдите в тексте предложения (или части сложных предложений), отражающие основную идею каждого абзаца. Обоснуйте ваш выбор.

6.Закончите предложения, заменив русские слова и словосочетания их английскими эквивалентами. Прочтите полученный текст и переведите его на русский язык. Составьте специальные вопросы по содержанию текста.

17

The human body (можно разделить на) three main parts: the head, (туловище) and limbs. The trunk is divided by (диафрагмой) into (две полости). The upper part of the trunk is called (грудная клетка). The chest (состоит из) thoracic vertebrae, the breastbone and (ребер). Between each pair of ribs lie two thin (мышечных слоя), (который заполняет) the spaces between ribs. Each rib is composed of (головки,

шейки, и тела). (Сердце и легкие) are in the (грудной клетки).

The lungs play the (самую важную) function of vital activity, i.e. (дыхания). The air enters through (нос) and passes down the throat, larynx, and (дыхательное горло). It reaches the lungs by the (бронхиальные ветви). So the process of ( газообмена) takes place in the lungs.

7.Найдите в тексте английские эквиваленты следующих слов и словосочетаний и составьте с ними предложения по содержанию текста.

-верхняя часть туловища;

-20 ребер с каждой стороны;

-дыхательное горло, пищевод;

-во время дыхания;

-грудные мышцы;

-два легких;

-позвоночный столб;

-важные нервы;

-перикард.

8.Переведите предложения на английский язык.

1.Составными частями скелета являются череп, позвоночник и кости верхних и нижних конечностей.

2.Туловище делится диафрагмой на две части.

3.Верхняя часть туловища называется грудной клеткой.

4.Нижняя часть туловища называется брюшной полостью.

5.Легкие находятся в грудной клетки.

9. Легкие выполняют самую важную функцию жизненной активности, т.е. дыхание.

9. Ответьте на вопросы к тексту " Chest".

1.What is the upper part of the trunk?

2.What layer fills up the spaces between the ribs?

3.What is the chest divided into by diaphragm?

4.What does the chest contain?

5.How do the lungs carry oxygen?

18

Texts: Vertebra. Limbs.

Grammar: Past Participle.

1. Отработайте чтение слов. Переведите слова на русский язык.

Human, body, anterior, canal, spine, skeleton, arch, nerve, column, bone, head, vessel, axis, posterior, trunk, limb.

2.Укажите словообразовательные элементы. Переведите слова на русский язык.

Spinal, structural, eyes, ears, adapted, divided, specially, primarily, locomotion.

3. Переведите словосочетания на русский язык:

19

Human beings, vertebral column, total body weight, separate bones, intervertebral discs, continuous pillar, central axis, spinal cord, upper and lower limbs, terminal segment.

4.Прочитайте предложения и ответьте на вопрос: Какую функцию Past Participle выполняет в каждом из этих предложений?

1.The demonstrated techniques are new.

2.The reviews included covered new trends in science.

3.The method carried out in our laboratory was developed by professor Nekton.

4.When translated the paper was read by many doctors.

5.Переведите следующие предложения на русский язык, обращая внимание на Past Participle:

1.The problem discussed is of interest.

2.This problem, when discussed, attracted much attention.

3.The problem discussed attracted much attention.

4.This problem was discussed yesterday.

5.The problem discussed by researchers is interesting.

6.а) Прочтите тексты и найдите предложения, содержащие Past Participle. б) Переведите предложения, содержащие Past Participle на русский язык.

Vertebra

All human beings belong to the group of vertebrates, and thus a prominent structural characteristic of the human body is a flexible rodlike spine or vertebral column that runs through the long axis of the body. This vertebral column is a part of a well-developed internal framework or skeleton, which makes up about 20 percent of the total body weight and is composed of more than 200 separate bones. A typical vertebra is made up of two principal parts, an anterior or ventral, termed the body and a posterior or dorsal, termed the vertebral arch; these enclose a foramen, which is named the vertebral foramen.

In the articulated column the bodies and the intervertebral discs interposed between them form a continuous pillar which constitutes the central axis of the body and in man, supports and transmits the weight of the head and trunk. The vertebral foramina placed one above another, constitute a canal in which the spinal cord is lodged and protected. Between contiguous vertebrae two intervertebral foramina one on each side, open into the canal and serve for the transmission of the spinal nerves and vessels.

A human being, like other vertebrates, is characterized by bilateral symmetry: an imaginary plane, passing through the spine from front to back, would divide the body into two halves that are roughly mirror images of each other. Thus, main body parts and organs occur in pairs - two eyes, two ears, two limbs and so forth.

20