The heart furnishes the driving force for the blood. In the normal circulatory system the channels which convey the blood away from the heart are arteries, and those which return it to the heart are veins. The central supply tube is termed the aorta and the central collecting tubes - the venae cavae. The arteries divide into smaller tubes which are known as arterioles and these divide into still finer tubules which are called capillaries. On the other side of this network of fine tubules lie the smaller collecting channels or venules. The latter finally unite into veins and these unite into the venae cavae.
Accordingly, the entire circulatory system may be divided into three parts: into arteries, capillaries and veins. It must be said that any vessel which conveys the blood away from the heart is known as an artery and any vessel which returns the blood to this organ as a vein. The decisive factor in this terminology is the direction of the blood flow and not the character of the blood. Thus, it is a well known fact that the pulmonary artery conveys venous blood to the lungs, while the pulmonary vein carries the arterial blood from these organs to the heart.
7.Составьте вопросы, ответами на которые являются приведенные ниже предложения.
1.The channels which convey the blood away from the heart are arteries.
2.The central supply tube is termed the aorta.
3.No, the smaller collecting channels finally unite into veins.
4.The entire circulatory system may be divided into three parts: into arteries, capillaries and veins.
5.Yes, the decisive factor in this terminology is the direction of the blood flow.
6.The pulmonary artery conveys venous blood to the lungs.
7.Найдите в предложениях причастия и определите их формы и функции. Прочтите и переведите предложения на русский язык.
1.Giving a large number of illustrations, a doctor provided a basis for discussion.
2.The method used helped the doctor to make a correct diagnosis.
3.The portal vein enters the liver dividing into two branches there.
4.The capillaries of the hepatic artery joining those of the portal vein mix the blood of one system with the blood of the other system.
5.The aorta formed by series of vessels is divided into three parts – the arch, thoracic and abdominal aorta.
6.The blood conveyed away from the heart through the veins to the right atrium is called venous.
9.Просмотрите текст и найдите в нем предложения, содержащие причастия. Переведите их на русский язык.
Aorta
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The aorta is the main trunk of the series of vessels which convey the oxygenated blood to the tissues of the body. It begins at the upper part of the left ventricle, where it is about 3 cm. in diameter, and after ascending for a short distance, arches backwards and to the left, over the root of the left lung; it then descends within the thorax on the left side of the vertebral column, gradually inclining towards the median plane, and enters the abdominal cavity through the aortic opening, in the diaphragm. Considerably diminished in size, it ends a little to the left of the median plane, at the level of the lower border of the fourth lumbar vertebra, by dividing into the right and left common iliac arteries. For convenience it is described in several portions, viz., the ascending aorta, the arch of the aorta, and the descending aorta. The latter is divided into the descending thoracic and abdominal aortae.
Vocabulary List border – граница, край
descending aorta – нисходящая аорта ascending aorta – восходящая аорта considerably – значительно
10.Закончите предложения, используя слова, приведенные ниже.
1.The aorta conveys the... blood to the tissues of the body.
2.The aorta begins at the upper part of the left ....
3.The aorta arches over the ...of the left lung.
4.The aorta ... the abdominal cavity through the aortic opening.
5. ... is the largest artery of the body.
6. The aorta ... into two common iliac arteries.
The aorta |
ventricle |
root |
oxygenated |
enters |
is divided |
11.Переведите предложения на английский язык.
1. |
Система |
кровообращения |
доставляет |
питательные |
вещества |
и |
кислород ко всем клеткам тела. |
|
|
|
|
||
2. |
Система кровообращения, образованная артериями, |
капиллярами, |
||||
|
венами, играет важную роль в организме человека. |
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3.Аорта — это самая большая артерия тела.
4.Абдоминальная аорта, идущая от уровня двенадцатого дорсального к четвертому поясничному позвонку, делится на две артерии.
5.Грудная аорта проходит через аортное отверстие диафрагмы.
6.Аорта делится на три части - дугу, грудную и абдоминальную аорт.
12.Выполните письменный перевод текста, используя словарь.
STRUCTURE OF THE BLOOD VESSELS
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Arteries. The arteries are a series of vessels carrying blood from the heart to the capillaries. The caliber of the arteries decreases gradually when followed toward the capillaries. The largest arteries, the aorta and the pulmonary artery, have a lumen about 25 mm. (1 inch) in diameter and the smallest arteries about 0.3 mm. in diameter, or smaller.
Three layers can be distinguished in the walls of every artery: (1) the inner coat, tunica intima, (2) the intermediate coat or tunica media and (3) the external coat or tunica adventitia.
The tunica intima is composed of a layer of endothelial cells and a conspicuous band of elastic tissue. In the larger vessels there is a fine network of connective tissue between the endothelial and elastic layers.
The intermediate coat or tunica media consists mainly of smooth muscle and elastic tissue. Smooth muscle tissue predominates in the small arteries and elastic tissue in the large arteries, such as the aorta.
The tunica adventitia is made up of collagenous and elastic fibers in loose arrangement. In small and medium-sized arteries the tunica adventitia is as thick as, and sometimes thicker than, the media but in arteries of large size the external coat is very thin.
Veins. The veins comprise a system of vessels which collect the blood from the capillaries and return it to the heart. The structure of veins resembles that of the arteries and usually the three layers, intima, media and adventitia can be distinguished. The veins, however, have thinner walls than the arteries and they are less elastic. This is due to the poorly developed middle layer which is very thin and contains very little smooth muscle and elastic tissue.
Some veins are equipped with valves. They appear as semilunar pockets on the inner surface of the vein and are placed with their free edges in the direction of the blood flow, so that flow toward the heart is not impeded but flow away is prevented. Valves are more numerous in the veins of the lower extremities.
Capillaries. The capillaries lie between the terminal branches of the arteries and the beginning of the veins. There the blood bed is tremendously expanded, each small artery branching into a number of capillaries which interlace to form an intricate network.
The capillaries are extremely fine thin tubes, the walls consisting of a single layer of flat endothelial cells. The diameter of the capillaries in various parts of the body varies slightly but is closely related to the size of the red blood corpuscle, averaging about 8 microns. When viewed through the microscope, the red blood cells shine through the transparent walls of the capillary and usually they are seen passing in single file.
The capillaries are the functional units of the circulatory system. It is through their walls that exchanges take place between the blood and tissues. The blood flows along rapidly in the arteries and veins but when it reaches the capillary areas, where it flows into many tubes of small caliber, it is greatly slowed down and the stream passes leisurely through the network of vessels. This gives time for the exchange of materials to occur.
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13.Используя текст «STRUCTURE OF THE BLOOD VESSELS», составьте устные сообщения по темам:
-Arteries
-Veins
-Capillaries.
Text: Heart
Grammar: Infinitive.
1. Прочтите слова из текста «Heart». Скажите, по каким правилам в них читаются ударные гласные и сочетание гласных.
Hollow, organ, valve, function, chest, side, reach, border, margin, rib, surface, faced, main, circular, each, sixty, nerve, need, poisoned, human, air, hour, entire.
2.Поставьте глаголы в скобках в соответствующую контексту видовременную форму действительного или страдательного залога. Составьте вопрос к выделенным частям предложений.
1.The heart (to be located) between the lungs.
2.The heart (to be) a muscular organ.
3.The heart (to be divided) into four cavities: the right auricle and ventricle, left auricle and ventricle.
4.Ventricles (to form) the lower and larger cavities of the heart.
5.Auricles (to comprise) the two upper chambers of the heart.
6.The inner surface of the heart (to cover) by the endocardium.
3.Прочтите предложения и укажите форму и функции инфинитива. Переведите предложения на русский язык.
1.The valves help to maintain the pressure necessary for the circulation.
2.It is important to point out the clinical aspects of the case under discussion.
3.To prevent heart disease is the main task.
4.To understand the origin of the illness is a desire of every doctor.
5.The management of cardiovascular problems can be the key to preventive medicine.
6.Cardiovascular disease is one of the most important to study.
7.A doctor listens to a patient's heart to determine and diagnose any heart failure.
8.This book deserves to be on the shelf of a practicing cardiologist.
9.The method is too complicated to use.
10.He wants to deal with this problem himself.
11.Ann was the last to present her papers.
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4.Прочтите предложения и определите время глагола.
1.Coronary patients are established to be at increased risk of cardiac mortality.
2.Circulatory disorders will increase.
3.Additional studies will be required to clarify the origin of this disease.
4.Certain precautions were not justified.
5.The results proved a satisfactory condition of the patient.
6. Only clinicians examine patients with coronary heart disease.
Vocabulary List
atrium (pl. atria) – предсердие
auricle – ушная раковина, ушко предсердия (to) beat – пульс, биться (о сердце)
broad – широкий
endocardium – эндокард, внутренняя оболочка сердца epicardium – эпикард, наружная оболочка сердца
to extend – увеличивать, распространять(ся), простираться to lubricate – смазывать
to maintain – поддерживать, содержать outlet – выпускное или выходное отверстие to prevent – предупреждать, предотвращать smooth – гладкий, однородный
sound – звук, тон stomach – желудок valve – клапан
vagus (pl. vagi) - блуждающий нерв
5.Прочтите текст. Найдите и переведите предложения, содержащие Infinitive and Passive Voice.
Heart
Heart is a hollow muscular organ with four cavities; each provided at its outlet with a valve, whose function is to maintain the circulation of the blood. The two upper cavities are known as atria or auricles, the two lower ones as ventricles (ventriculus, a little stomach).
The heart lies in the chest between the two lungs, but projecting more to the left side than to the right. On the left side its apex reaches out almost to the nipple; and lies beneath the fifth rib, while its right border extends only a short distance, at most an inch, beyond the margin of the breast-bone. Its lower border rests upon the diaphragm by which it is separated from the liver and stomach. Above, the heart extends to the level of the second rib, where the great vessels, the aorta on the right side and the
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