pulmonary artery on the left, lie behind the breast-bone. One end of the heart is pointed (apex), the other is broad (base).
Structure. The heart lies within a strong fibrous bag, known as the pericardium, and since the inner surface of this bag and the outer surface of the heart are both covered with a smooth, glistening membrane faced with flat cells and lubricated by a little serous fluid, the movements of the heart are accomplished almost without friction. The main thickness of the heart wall consists of bundles of muscle fibers.
Within all the cavities is a smooth lining membrane continuous with that lining the vessels which open into the heart. The investing smooth membrane is known as epicardium, the muscular substance as myocardium, and the smooth lining membrane as endocardium.
For the regulation of the heart's action there are important nervous connections, especially with the vagus and with the sympathetic nerves.
There is no direct communication between the cavities on the right side and those on the left; but the right auricle opens into the right ventricle by a large circular opening, and similarly the left auricle into the left ventricle. Into the right auricle open two large veins, the superior and inferior venae cavae, with some smaller veins from the wall of the heart itself, and into the left auricle open two pulmonary veins from each lung. One opening leads out of each ventricle, to the aorta in the case of the left ventricle, to the pulmonary artery from the right.
As stated above there are four valves. Two of these are placed at the openings leading from auricle into ventricle, the «tricuspid valve» on the right side, the «mitral valve» on the left, so as completely to prevent blood from running back into the auricle when the ventricle contracts. Two more, the «pulmonary valve» and the «aortic valve», are placed at the entrance to these arteries, and prevent regurgitation into the ventricles of blood which has been driven from them into the arteries. The noises made by these valves in closing are known as the heart sounds, and can be heard by anyone who applies his ear to the front of a person's chest.
Action. At each heart-beat the two auricles contract and expel their contents into the ventricles, which at the same time they stimulate to contract together, so that the blood is driven into the arteries, to be returned again to the auricles after having completed a circuit through the body or lungs as the case may be. The heart beats from sixty to ninety times a minute, the rate in any given healthy person being about four times that of the respirations. The heart is to some extent regulated by a nerve centre in the medulla oblongata, closely connected with those centres which govern the lungs and stomach, and nerve-fibers pass to it in the vagus nerve. By some of these fibers its rate and force can be diminished, by others increased, according to the needs of the various organs of the body. If this nerve centre be injured or poisoned, for example by want of fresh air, etc., the heart stops beating in human beings, though in some of the lower animals e. g., frogs, fishes, and reptiles - the heart may under favourable conditions go on beating for hours even after its entire removal from the body.
6. Найдите в тексте предложения, эквивалентные следующим русским предложениям:
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1.Сердце - это полый мышечный орган с четырьмя полостями, ....
2.Сердце находится в грудной клетке между двумя легкими, но...
3.Один конец сердца - это верхушка, а другой ...
4.Для регуляции работы сердца существуют важные нервные соединения, особенно …
5.Не существует прямой связи между полостями на правой стороне и
…находятся четыре клапана.
6.При каждом биение сердца два предсердия сокращаются и ....
7.Сердце совершает от 60-80 ударов в минуту, частота...
7.Ответьте на вопросы к тексту.
1.What is the heart?
2.Where is the heart located?
3.What are the cavities of the heart?
4.What is the difference between the left and the right side of the heart?
5.What is the structure of the heart like?
6.How many beats per minute does the heart make?
7.When can the heart stop beating?
8.Переведите предложения на английский язык, обращая внимание на временную форму глагола.
1.Эта научная работа предназначена для специалистов, которые работают в области кардиохирургии.
2.Цель нашего исследования - понять причины сердечно–сосудистых заболеваний.
3.Получить знания о функции сердца во время сна - цель данной работы.
4.Сердце - это внутренний орган, расположенный в грудной полости.
5.Две верхние полости сердца известны как предсердия, а две нижние как желудочки.
6.Сердце располагается внутри плотной фиброзной сумки, перикарда.
7.Работа сердца определенным образом регулируется нервным центром.
8.У некоторых низших животных сердце не прекращает биться даже при неблагоприятных условиях.
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Text: Digestive system
Grammar: Present Simple: Passive and Active Voice.
1. Прочтите слова, обращая внимание на чтение выделенных букв и буквосочетаний.
Digestive, organ, system, consist, canal, accessory, tract, pharynx, esophagus, diaphragm, teeth, within, tonsils, passage, division, first, walls, arch, channel, architectural.
2.Образуйте от глаголов имя существительное.
То relate, to form, to define, to lack, to cover, to divide, to mix, to serve, to pass, to dilate, to secrete, to act, to play, to retain, to determine, to arrange, to chain, to stimulate, to produce.
Vocabulary List
abdomen – живот, брюшная полость
accessory – добавочный, дополнительный, вспомогательный alimentary – пищевой, пищеварительный
appendage – отросток, придаток caecum – слепая кишка
coat – оболочка
colon – толстая кишка to conduct – проводить to cover – покрывать deciduous – временный
digestive – пищеварительный duodenum – двенадцатиперстная кишка esophagus – пищевод
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(to) fold – складка, сгиб, сгибать gallbladder – желчный пузырь ileum – подвздошная кишка jejunum – тощая кишка
large intestine – толстый кишечник liver – печень
mucous – слизистый
orifice – анат.отверстие, устье pancreas – поджелудочная железа permanent – постоянный
related – связанный salivary – слюнной serous – серозный sphincter – сфинктер
small intestine – тонкий кишечник stomach – желудок
3.Поставьте глаголы, данные в скобках, в соответствующую смыслу видовременную форму Present Simple in Passive and Active Voice.
1.The digestive system (to consist) of the alimentary canal and a number of associated glands.
2.The liver transplantation (to consider) very important.
3.Kidney disease (cause) high blood pressure.
4.The alimentary tract (to form) by the mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small and large intestines.
5.The soft and hard palates (to be) in the oral cavity.
6.Teeth (to mix) the food.
7.Food from the pharynx to the stomach (to convey) by the esophagus.
8.The bile and pancreatic ducts (to empty) into the duodenum.
4.Поставьте следующие предложения в отрицательную и вопросительную форму.
1.The accessory structures are the teeth, tongue, salivary glands, hard and soft palates, liver, gallbladder and pancreas.
2.The mouth is the first division of the alimentary tract.
3.The oral and laryngeal portions of the pharynx serve as a channel for the passage of both food and air.
4.The process of digestion begins in the stomach.
5.The stomach is a dilated portion of the alimentary canal.
6.The pancreas is a long slender.
7.The liver secretes bile.
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8. The large salivary glands consist of the parotid, the submaxillarv and the sublingual.
5.Прочтите текст и найдите в нем английские эквиваленты для следующих словосочетаний. Составьте предложения с ними по содержанию текста.
-пищеварительная система состоит из;
-сформирован ротовой полостью, глоткой, пищеводом;
-вспомогательные структуры;
-в брюшной полости покрыты;
-первый отдел пищеварительного тракта;
-два ряда зубов;
-на латеральных стенках;
-под диафрагмой;
-тонко-мышечная трубка;
-специальные структурные характеристики;
-самая большая железа;
-концентрирует желчь;
-секреция важная для пищеварения.
Digestive system
The digestive system consists of the alimentary canal and related or accessory organs.
The alimentary canal is formed by the mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine and rectum.
The accessory structures are the teeth, tongue, salivary glands, hard and soft palates, liver, gallbladder and pancreas.
The alimentary tract from esophagus to rectum conforms to a definite structural plan. The layers from within outward are mucous, submucous, muscular and serous. In the esophagus the serous layer is lacking and the outer coat is fibrous in nature.
The organs of the digestive system contained in the abdomen are covered with the serous coat, the peritoneum. The peritoneum has two layers, the visceral and parietal.
The mouth is the first division of the alimentary tract. Important structures of the mouth are the tongue, which contains the end organ for taste, and the teeth which divide and mix the food. There are two sets of teeth, first the deciduous or milk teeth and later the permanent teeth.
The palatine tonsils are on the lateral walls of the oral pharynx between the palatine arches. The oral and laryngeal portions of the pharynx serve as a channel for the passage of both food and air; food is conducted through it from the mouth to the esophagus and air from the nasal pharynx to the larynx.
The esophagus conveys food from the pharynx to the stomach.
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