Материал: Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus Diagnosis, Management, and Control

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INTRODUCTION

Many biological variables can be used to quantify the occurrence of bovine virus diarrhea virus (BVDV) infections, including clinical, pathological, virological, serological, and production measures. The importance of each measure depends on the purpose of the investigation. In surveillance and eradication programs, the laboratory diagnoses are important to document where the infection is present or was present recently; from an economic point of view it is important to combine virological and serological measures with information on clinical and production variables; and from an animal welfare point of view the emphasis would be on the severity of the clinical signs. However, it is not always possible to fully describe the occurrence of a disease for all purposes, simply because of the variations in the quality of the data.

For BVDV infections, good quality data are available from many parts of the world on the presence of persistently infected (PI) animals and antibody carriers in addition to epidemiological data on the occurrence of infection. However, when it comes to the disease (clinical signs and reduced production due to BVDV infections), the data are often based on selected cases, making it difficult to estimate the true occurrence of the disease in a population. Therefore, the calculation of the economic effect of infection is often based on the proportion of infected animals that are estimated to have suffered from the disease, which are hereafter included in economical models. Also the importance of risk factors is usually related to the occurrence of infection rather than that of the disease. This chapter outlines the occurrence of BVDV infections, the associated risk factors for infection and the effect of infections on disease and production including financial losses.

MEASURABLE AND QUANTIFIABLE

EPIDEMIOLOGICAL VARIABLES

The relevant variables for describing the occurrence of BVDV infection include the detection of virus and/or antibodies in the animal as well as data related to disease and reduced production following infection. In addition, the occurrence of BVDV should be described in relation to risk factors that can be host-, agent-, or environment-related. This chapter emphasizes risk factors for determining the occurrence and distribution of BVDV. An epidemiological framework for the necessary data for describing BVDV occurrence is given in Figure 2.1. Here the variables are divided into risk factors on the one hand and measurable output variables on the other. The list of epidemiological data in Figure 2.1 is not exhaustive, but the boxes in the figure refer to the following subchapters where more detailed information is given.

There are two important mathematical measures of disease occurrence (or disease frequency): prevalence and incidence. The prevalence is a measure of what is present here and now, whereas incidence measures the occurrence of new cases over time. Both measures are useful in describing BVDV infections. The occurrence of long-lasting antibodies (often lifelong) and the lifelong presence of virus in PI animals make prevalence studies more suitable for BVDV infections than is the case for many other infections. Prevalence and incidence can be applied both to individual animals as well as herds. However, the definition of a herd infection may often be more uncertain and more complicated than at the individual animal level.