Материал: Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus Diagnosis, Management, and Control

Incidence, 35, 58

of BVDV infections, 47–49

epidemiological studies for estimation of, 47–49 prevalence and, 49

Incidence rate, 47 Incidence risk, 47, 48

Incubation periods, for acute BVD, 115 Indirect fluorescence microscopy, 189 Indirect immunofluorescence assay, 200 Indirect immunoperoxidase, 200

INF. See Interferon

Infected animals, BVDV transmission from, 96–98 Infection status, 49

Infectious bovine rhinotracheitis, 6, 10, 54, 125 Infectious cDNA clones, 17

Infectiousness of infected animals, reducing coefficient of, 101

Infertility, 148

Innate immune response, to BVDV, 157–158 Insect transmission of BVDV, 95–96 Insemination

transmission via semen and, 94–95 uterine exposure to BVDV at, 127–128

Interference test, 8 Interferon, 187

cytopathic BVDV and production of, 23 innate immune response and, 158

role of, during pregnancy, 151 Interferon regulatory factor-3, 188 Inter-herd transmission, 101

Internal ribosome entry site, 68, 82, 181, 182 International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses,

Seventh Report of, 71 International Embryo Transfer Society, 16 Inter-species transmission, 105

Intestinal mucosa, mucosal disease and infection of, 135 Intracellular signaling inhibition, 187–188

Intra-herd transmission, 100–101

Intrauterine exposure, virus persistence after, 130 Intrauterine infections, 5. See also Transplacental/in-

trauterine infections

In utero transmission, after 120–150 days of gestation, 93, 94

In vitro fertilization, BVDV and, 113

IPMA. See Immunoperoxidase monolayer assay Iqbal, M., 179

IRES. See Internal ribosome entry site IRF-3. See Interferon regulatory factor-3

Isolation hutches, minimizing BVDV transmission and, 101

i-VVNADL, 23

Japanese MLV BVDV vaccine, protection by, 217 Jensen, A.M., 10

JNK1, 188

JNK2, 188

Johne’s disease, 110 Jordan, R., 184

Kafi, M., 113

Kahrs, R.F., 6 Kerkhofs, P., 203

Killed vaccines, 13, 209, 212–213 efficacy of, in experimental studies, 152 requirements for efficacy of, 210

strains and types of bovine viral diarrhea virus in, 215 Kirkland, P.D., 10

Kirkpatrick, J., 213

Kozak consensus sequence, 181 Kümmerer, B.M., 17

Kunjin virus, 189

Label claims, for vaccine products, 210, 211 Laboratory evaluation, use of, in evaluating moribund

and dead calves, 228–229 Lambert, G., 8

Lambs, 151

Lamina propria, lesions and, 134, 135 Laminitis, 5

Langedijk, J.P.M., 187, 201 Latency, of acute infections, 97

Late-onset mucosal disease, 9, 132–133 LDLR. See Low-density lipoprotein receptor Lecomte, C., 201

Leptospira hardjo, 55, 57 Leptospira spp., 210 Lesions

in brain and eyes, 129 of BVDV, 4

correlation between viral antigen and, 133 development of, in acute BVDV infection, 123–125 fetal infections and, 224

in lymphoid tissues, 133–134 in mucosa, 135

in mucosa-associated lymphoid tissues, 134–135 ovarian, 127

pathogenesis of, in mucosal disease, 133–135 Letellier, C., 203

Leukopenia, 4, 17, 113, 157, 162 Lewis, T.L., 201

Licensing of vaccines, 25 Liess, Bernd, 3, 13 Lifelong infections, 240 Light-Cycler system, 204

Lightly infected antibody carriers, 51 Lindberg, A., 204

Lipid envelope, in flativiruses, 65 Littlejohns, I.R., 13, 20

Livestock production, impact of BVDV on, 116 Llamas, 116, 173

Low-density lipoprotein receptor, 82, 178, 179, 189 Low virulence strains, 241

development of lesions and, 123–124 high virulence strains compared with, 125

Lung lesions, 126

Lymph node involvement, with BVDV, 106, 107 Lymphoid depletion, 114

254

Lymphoid follicles, 163 Lymphoid tissues

lesions in, 133–134 mucosa-associated, lesions in, 134–135

Lymphopenia, 124, 125, 126, 159, 162 “Lytic” viruses, 22

Mabs. See Monoclonal antibodies MacCallum, A.D., 4 Macrophages, 157

Madin-Darby bovine kidney cells, 6, 177, 178 Mahlum, C.E., 202

Makoschey, B., 216

Malmquist, W.A., 5 Management systems diagnostic tests

for detection of PI animals, 226–227 for identifying PI calves, 227

identification of dams carrying PI fetus, 227–228 monitoring herds for BVDV PI risk, 228–230 other potential sources of BVDV, 230–231

Mandibular brachygnathism, 150

Mannheimia haemolytica, 10, 11, 114, 115, 126, 161, 210

Mannheimia spp., 110 Markov Chain model, 58 Martin, S.W., 21 Mastitis, 53, 54 McCauley, J.W., 179

McClurkin, A.W., 7, 8, 9, 10, 13, 24 McGoldrick, A., 20

MD. See Mucosal disease

MDBK cells. See Madin-Darby bovine kidney cells MEGA-10, 201

M-ELISA. See Monolayer enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay

Mendez, E., 17 Meyers, G., 12, 15, 17 Meyling, A., 10, 12, 49

Michigan, prevalence in, 52 Microencephaly, 129, 150, 224 Microopthalmia, 150, 224 Milk

bulk testing of, in Scandinavia, 21 BVDV transmission via, 96

yield reductions, 53 Milk samples

classes of, 203 diagnostic, 197, 203

epidemiological studies for estimation of herd level prevalence based on, 45

PCR assay for testing of, 20 Mink lung cell system, 199

Minnesota Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, 202 ML cell system. See Mink lung cell system

MLV type 1 strain (NADL), strategic vaccination and, 99 Modified live virus (MLV) vaccines, 13, 114, 171, 209,

211–212, 239

Index

BVDV transmission via, 96 biosecurity and, 233 requirements for efficacy of, 210

strains and types of BVDV in, 215 Moennig, V., 9, 16, 201

Moerman, A., 48 Molecular biology

advances in, 11–12, 17–18 classification and, 65–74

Monitoring herds for BVDV PI risk, 228–230 annual whole-herd testing, 230

pooling samples and whole blood for PCR testing, 229 production records and laboratory evaluation of mori-

bund and dead calves, 228–229

serologic evaluation of sentinel animals, 229–230 Monoclonal antibodies (Mabs), xi, 3, 11, 239

tests for, 18–19 Monocytes, 157

Monolayer enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, 200 Moormann, R.J.M., 179

Moose, 105, 116, 173

Moribund calves, use of production records and laboratory evaluations of, 228–229

Mucosa, lesions in, 135

Mucosa-associated lymphoid tissues, lesions in, 134–135 Mucosal disease, 3, 4, 5, 57, 74, 111–112, 121, 131–135,

157

acute/chronic sequel to CI, 108–109

age-matched beef calves from herd suffering from, 112 chronic, 113

defective interfering particles and, 84 early-onset, 132–133

experimental production of, 8–10 late-onset, 9, 15–16, 132–133 pathogenesis of, 131–132 postmortem images

of colon lesions in calves suffering from, 113 of esophageal ulcers in calf suffering from, 112 of palate of calf suffering from, 112

spontaneous and postvaccinal, 15 spread of cp BVDV in, 134

Multiplex assays, 19, 20 Mummification, 147, 241 Mummified fetuses, 128 Muñoz-Zanzi, C.A., 24, 25, 229

Musca autumnalis, 96, 231 Mycobacterium bovis, 159 Mycoplasma bovis, 22, 115, 161 Mycoplasma spp., 110 Mycotoxicosis, 110

NADC strain, 242 NADL, 14

Naive immunocompetent cattle population course of initial infection in, 105–107, 109

BVDV in colostrum-deprived calves, 106

BVDV in 6-month-old seronegative calves, 106–107 BVDV in pregnant cattle, 107, 109

Nakamura, S., 197

National Animal Disease Laboratory, 6

National eradication programs, economic evaluation of, 58

Natural BVDV infection, disease syndromes in nonbovine hosts due to, 171–172

ncp BVDV, 12, 121, 123, 160, 197 cellular immune response and, 159

intracellular signaling inhibition and, 188 molecular actions of, 22–23

pathogenesis of mucosal disease and, 131, 132 persistent infections and, 129

reproductive infections and, 151 research on, 240

vaccines and, 209, 210

NDV. See Newcastle disease virus Neonatal calves

BVDV infections in, 5 preventing BVD in, 8

Neonates, acute BVDV infection of, 110 Nested polymerase chain reaction, 202 Neutralizing antibodies, neonates and, 150 Neutropenia, 162

Neutrophils, 157 Newcastle disease virus, 23

New York, original outbreaks in, 6 New York 93 strain, 17

Ng, M.L., 189 Nitric oxide, 157 Njaa, B.L., 204

NO. See Nitric oxide Noncytopathic biotypes, 71, 72, 81

Noncytopathic BVDV. See ncp BVDV Noncytopathic viruses, 9, 10 Nonstructural protein region, 209 North America

NADL strain in, 11 subgroups of BVDV 2 in, 73

Northern Ireland, incidence risk in, 48 Norway

cattle density in, 52

cost-benefit evaluation of eradication program in, 58 economic losses in, 57

eradication programs in, 21 herd study in, 51 prevalence in, 46

NS2, 17, 69

genetic recombination and, 83 NS2-3, 12, 15, 16, 19, 69, 73 NS3

genetic recombination and, 83 Position A and Position B and, 73

NS3-encoded serine protease, 82 NS3 monoclonal antibodies, 12, 19 NS4A protein, 70

NS4B protein, 70 NS5A protein, 185, 186

NS region. See Nonstructural protein region

Nucleic acids, BVDV-specific, 25

Nuttall, P.A., 8

NY-1 strain, 14, 214, 218, 242

Nystagmus, 164

Ocular defects, 5 Oculocerebellar syndrome, 129 OD. See Optical density

Odds ratio, 50 Olafson, P., 4, 145, 162 Ontario

BVDV outbreaks in, 55 BVDV type 2 emergence in, 14

severe acute BVDV infection in cattle population in, 111

Oophoritis, 147, 148

“Open gut” phenomenon, 158

Open reading frame, 11, 65, 66, 68, 82 polyprotein translation and, 181 proteolytic processing and, 84

Open-tube RT-PCRs, 202 Opisthotonus, 129

Optical density, of indirect ELISA technique, 227–228 Optic neuritis, 150, 224

OR. See Odds ratio

Ora-nasal route of BVDV transmission, 157 Oregon (C24V) strain, 4, 6, 14, 17, 242 ORF. See Open reading frame

Oro-nasal uptake, virus spread and, 123, 124 Osloss strains, 14

Ovarian hypoplasia, 113 Ovaries

as immunologically privileged site, 163, 164 lesions in, 127

reproductive capacity and infection of, 147 Over-the-fence contact, with PI animals, 223 Oviductal cells, BVDV infection and, 148

P. haemolytica, 54

Palate of calf, mucosal disease and postmortem image of,

112

Palfi, V., 18

Passive humoral immune response, 158 Passive immunity, 105, 159

Pasteurella multocida, 161, 210 Pasteurella spp., 110

Pasturing, risk factors and, 51, 59 Pathogenesis, 121–135

acute infection, 121, 123–126 immune suppression in, 125–126

thrombocytopenia and hemorrhages in, 126 viral and host factors in, 121, 122

virus spread and lesions in, 123–125 defined, 121

of lesions in mucosal disease, 133–135

correlation between viral antigen and tissue lesions, 133

lesions in lymphoid tissues, 133–134