Материал: Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus Diagnosis, Management, and Control

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Table 2.1. Epidemiological studies for estimation of prevalence of animals with antibodies against BVDV (continued)

			Sampling Method		Sample Size		Prevalence

Country/	Study						Herd	Animal
Region	Period	Sampling Frame	Herds	Animals	Herds	Animals	Level (%)	Level (%)	Vaccination	Reference

United States	1976	Louisiana	Research herds	>2 years old breed-	5	444	100	68	No vaccination	Fulton and Seger,
				ing cattle						1982
United States	. . .	Midwest and west-	Appr. Half of the	Between 20 and 312	66	3157	. . .	89	. . .	Bolin et al., 1985
		ern U.S.	herds had past	per herd Both
		Beef and dairy	evidence of	calves and adults
		herds	BVDV
United States	1993	Michigan, 2 coun-	5 herdsc	All animals in herd	5c	794c	80c	29c	Vaccination used	Houe et al., 1995b
		ties	2 herdsd		2d	428d	100d	76d	in 4 herds
		Dairy herds	2 herdse		2e	372e	100e	91e
United States	. . .	17 states	Representative of	Owner chose age	256	3894	91 all	69 all	Vaccination re-	Paisley et al., 1996
		Beef cow calf oper-	the national beef	group			95 Vf	78 V	ported in 137
		ations	herd				86 NVf	57 NV	herds
Mexico	. . .	Dairy cattle: 2 states	. . .	Random	. . .	132 (dairy)	—	71	. . .	Suzan et al., 1983
		Beef cattle: 11				771 (beef)	—	63
		states
Brazil	. . .	State of Rio Grande	. . .	Adults, Abattoirs	20	430	90	56	. . .	Canal et al., 1998
(Argentina)		¶ 1 farm in		(mostly)
		Argentina		Between 2 and 47
				from each herd
Chile	. . .	Southern part of	Large herds	Cows and bulls	40	948 cows	100	74	No vaccination	Reinhardt et al.,
		Chile	Stratified	Random		116 bulls		81	assumed	1990
		Beef, dairy and
		mixed breed
Venezuela	1997	5 districts of Apure	Multistage, random	Random	123	615	—	36	. . .	Obando et al.,
		State		5 cows per herd						1999
		Beef cattle
Africa, Asia and New Zealand
Tanzania	1985	18 regions	“Stock at Animal Diseases Research		. . .	419	—	12	No vaccination	Msolla et al., 1988
			Institute, Dar-es-Salaam”
			NPE
			Age not recorded							(continued)

Table 2.1. Epidemiological studies for estimation of prevalence of animals with antibodies against BVDV (continued)

			Sampling Method		Sample Size		Prevalence

Country/	Study						Herd	Animal
Region	Period	Sampling Frame	Herds	Animals	Herds	Animals	Level (%)	Level (%)	Vaccination	Reference

Tanzania	1985–1986 5 regions, 11 differ-		“Under the Auspices of the Rinderpest		. . .	938	—	34	. . .	Hyera et al., 1991
		ent districts,	campaign”
		Northern
		Tanzania	NPE
India	1996–1997	16 states	National serum bank		. . .	327	—	15	. . .	Sudharshana et al.,
										1999
			Random
New Zealand	. . .	South Island, Otago	Two abattoirs		—	64	—	66	. . .	Robinson, 1971
		district
New Zealand	1993	North and South	14 abattoirs		70	140	(78)g	63	. . .	Pérez et al., 1994
		Island
		Beef cattle

General legends and abbreviations in tables:

— Information not applicable.

. . . Information not available (the reader can of course add information on the use of vaccine from other sources).

NPE: No past evidence, meaning that herds were not selected based on past evidence of infection (unknown BVD status). AI: Artificial insemination centers.

V: Vaccinated; NV: Not vaccinated. aBHV: Bovine herpes virus.

bSample size varied considerably between farms.

cHerds without use of vaccination and without PI animals. dHerds with use of killed vaccine; no PI animals present. eHerds with use of killed vaccine and presence of PI animals.

fV: Prevalence among vaccinated; NV: Prevalence among nonvaccinated (herds were classified according to reported use of any BVDV vaccine during the previous 12 months). gNote that there were only two sampled animals per farm.

Table 2.2. Epidemiological studies for estimation of prevalence of virus-positive and persistently infected animals

			Sampling Method		Sample Size		Prevalence

Country/	Study						Herd	Animal
Region	Period	Sampling Frame	Herds	Animals	Herds	Animals	Level (%)	Levela (%)	Vaccination	Reference

Europe
Belgium	. . .	Southern Belgium.	42.5% of herds had	All animals in herd	61	9685	44	0.75 (PI)	Some vaccina-	Schreiber et al.,
		Belgian White	prior diagnosis or						tion (not	1999
		Blue and Friesian	were suspicious						considered
		Holstein							important)
Denmark	1988	Jutland in Denmark	Representative, NPE	All animals in herd	19	2570	53	1.4/1.1	No vaccination	Houe and Mey-
		Dairy herds								ling, 1991
Germany	. . .	Northern Germany.	Exporting herds	Pregnant	>1000	2317	—	0.9	. . .	Liess et al., 1987
		Breeding animals		NPE				(viraemic)
Germany	1993–1994	Lower Saxony	NPE	Up to 3 years	329	20,253	45	2.1 (PI)	Some vaccina-	Frey et al., 1996
									tion
Poland	. . .	Bulls at artificial	—	>6 months old	—	219	—	0.9 (PI)	. . .	Polak and Zmud-
		insemination								zinski, 1999
		centers
Sweden	. . .	11 counties in dif-	NPE	Breeding heifers	114	711	—	1.7/1.3	No vaccination	Alenius et al.,
		ferent parts of								1986
		Sweden
Switzerland	1995	Canton of	Invited by cantonal	Animals prior to	149	990	—	0.9	. . .	Braun et al., 1998
		St. Gallen,	veterinary officer	pasture, 98%
		7 Alpine pastures		were replacement
		Swiss Braunvieh		cattle
		cattle		NPE
		Dairy herds
United	1980–1985 . . .		—	Beef calves 2–4	—	924	—	0.8/0.4	. . .	Howard et al.,
Kingdom				months old						1986
				Cows 2–3 years old
				Gnotobiotic calves
				NPE
United	1986	England and Wales	—	Submissions of	—	3151	—	1.8	. . .	Edwards et al.,
Kingdom				more than 10				(viraemic)		1987
				samples to Cen-
				tral Veterinary
				Laboratory						(continued)

Table 2.2. Epidemiological studies for estimation of prevalence of virus-positive and persistently infected animals (continued)

			Sampling Method		Sample Size		Prevalence

Country/	Study						Herd	Animal
Region	Period	Sampling Frame	Herds	Animals	Herds	Animals	Level (%)	Levela (%)	Vaccination	Reference

North America
Canada	1991	Western Canada	1 feedlot, but ani-	Systematic random,	—	1029	—	0.1	. . .	Taylor et al., 1995
		feedlot calves	mals were arriv-	every 5th calf at
			ing from many	arrival
			places
Canada and	. . .	Northeastern and	—	Bulls at AI isolation	—	1532	—	0.4	. . .	Howard et al.,
U.S.		western states		prior to progeny						1990
		(2 AI centers		testing. Mostly
		throughout U.S.		3–12 months old
		and Canada (2 AI
		centers)
United States	. . .	Midwest and	Appr. half of the	Between 20 and 312	66	3157	9.1	1.9/1.7	. . .	Bolin et al., 1985
		western US.	herds had past	per herd
		Beef and dairy	evidence of	Both calves and
		herds	BVDVb	adults
United States	1993	Michigan,	Random from	All animals in herd	20	5481	15	0.13/0.11	Vaccination used	Houe et al., 1995b
		2 counties	DHIA list						in 15 herds
		Dairy herds
United States	. . .	17 states Beef cow	Representative of	Owner chose age	256	1201 Ab		0.67 of Ab	Vaccination re-	Paisley et al., 1996
		calf operations	the national beef	group. Only Ab-		neg. out		negatives	ported in 137
			herd	neg tested for		of 3894		and 0.2 of	herds
				virus				total
United States	1996	Alabama, Nebraska,	A. Random, 76	Calves <4 months	Total: 128	18,931	Total:	Total:	92% of positive	Wittum et al.,
		Nevada, North	herds, min 20 and	old (most >4	A: 76		10.2	0.3/0.17	and 82% of	2001
		Dakota, and Ohio	max 500 breed-	months old)	B: 52		A: 4		negative herds
		Beef herds	ing females				B: 19		used vaccina-
			B. Suspected, 52						tion
			herds

aIf two percentages are given, the first number is prevalence of animals being viraemic and the second number is animals proven to be PI. bAmong 6 herds where virus was isolated only one herd had been selected based on past evidence.

Table 2.3. Epidemiological studies for estimation of herd level prevalence based on screening samples and bulk milk samples

All Countries

						Herd Prevalence,
					Herd	PI Animals
				Sample	Prevalence,	or Suspect of
Country/	Study		Sampling	Size	Antibody	Having PI
Region	Period	Sampling Frame	Method	(Herds)	Sample Carriers (%)a	Animals (%)a	Reference

Austria	1996–1998	Nieder-östereich	Stepwise:	A: 5,024
		All breeding herds	A: milk, B: spot	B: 512
			test and C:	C: 154
			all animals
			NPE
Denmark	1994	Dairy herds	All herds	16,113
Estonia	1993–1995	Dairy herds with	Representative	328
	1997–1998	>=20 cows	random sample	363
	1999–2000			351
Finland	1993	Dairy herds	All herds (>98%)	34,115
England	1996	Dairy herds	Systematic	1070
and Wales		>40 cows	random
Northern	1999	Dairy herds	From the largest	929
Ireland			milk processor
Norway	1993	Dairy herds	All herds	26,430
Peru	1998	Mantaro Valley	Proportional	60
			geographical
			distribution
Sweden	1993	Dairy herds	Majority of dairy	14,463
			herds
United	3-year	Most herds: New	. . .	97
States	period	York, Pennsylvania,
		and Michigan

Remaining from 11 other states

Milk	. . .	1.0	Rossmanith and
Spot test		(detection of PI	Deinhofer, 1998
All animals		animals)
Bulk milk	. . .	39	Bitsch and Rønsholt,
		(suspected to have PI)	1995
Bulk milk	. . .	46	Viltrop et al., 2002
and/or		16
young		18
stock test		(suspected to have PI)
Bulk milk	1	. . .	Nuotio et al., 1999
Bulk milk	95	66	Paton et al., 1998
	(OD >=0.135)	(OD >=0.9)
Bulk milk	99	50	Graham et al., 2001
	(OD >0.04)	(OD >=0.55)
Bulk milk	37	7.1	Waage et al., 1997
	(OD >=0.05)	(OD >=0.55)
Bulk milk	96	27	Ståhl et al., 2002
	(OD >=0.05)	(OD >=0.55)
Bulk milk	. . .	51	Alenius et al., 1997
		(OD >0.55)
Bulk milk	—	12	Renshaw et al., 2000
PCR and		(most likely PI
virus		animals among
isolation		lactating animals)

a Note that the antibody detection methods vary between countries as do the cutoffs when a herd is considered to have antibody carriers or PI animals. Prevalences are therefore just indicative of the level and not directly comparable between countries.

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