Материал: Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus Diagnosis, Management, and Control

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TAXONOMY—DEFINING CHARACTERISTICS OF BOVINE VIRAL DIARRHEA VIRUSES

THE FLAVIVIRUS FAMILY

Bovine viral diarrhea viruses belong to the pestivirus genus within the Flavivirus family (Heinz et al., 2000) and, as such, possess many traits characteristic of this family. Like all flaviviruses, they have a lipid envelope that is derived from the membranes of the infected host cell. The lipid envelope makes these viruses susceptible to inactivation by solvents and detergents.

Similar to other flaviviruses, BVDV have a singlestranded positive sense RNA genome. The organization of the genome, which is conserved within the Flavivirus family, consists of a single open reading frame (ORF) flanked by 5’ and 3’ untranslated regions (UTR). The ORF is translated as a single polyprotein that is cleaved by viral and cellular proteinases into the individual viral proteins. The structural proteins are coded in the 5’ end of the genome, and the nonstructural proteins are coded in the remaining 3’ end of the genome. The replication of the RNA genome occurs in the host cell cytoplasm. The viral particles are assembled and enveloped at intracellular membranes, transported in cytoplasmic vesicles through the secretory pathway and released by exocytosis.

CHARACTERISTICS UNIQUE TO THE

PESTIVIRUS GENUS

Viruses from the pestivirus genus have several characteristics that differentiate them from other member viruses of the Flavivirus family. Pestiviruses encode two proteins that are unique to their genus. The first is the nonstructural Npro, which is the first protein coded by the pestivirus ORF. The Npro is a proteinase whose only known function is cleaving itself

from the viral polypeptide. The second unique gene product is the Erns. It is an envelope glycoprotein that possesses an intrinsic RNase activity.

Pestiviruses are also unique among flaviviruses in their resistance to inactivation by low pH. Most flaviviruses are inactivated by low pH, but pestiviruses are stable over a broad pH range (Hafez and Liess, 1972).

MEMBERS OF THE PESTIVIRUS GENUS

There are currently four recognized species within the pestivirus genus: BVDV 1 (type virus BVDV 1aNADL, accession #M31182); BVDV 2 (type virus BVDV 2a-890, accession #U18059); border disease virus (BDV) (type virus BDV-BD31, accession #U70263); and classical swine fever virus (CSFV), previously known as hog cholera virus (type virus Alfort/187, accession #X87939). The pestiviruses were originally classified into the species BVDV, CSFV, and BDV based on the animal host they originated from. This classification proved problematic because some pestiviruses are not restricted to a single host. Viruses characterized as BVDV, for example, were shown to infect cattle, sheep, and swine (Paton, 1995a, b). Subsequent efforts to divide pestiviruses into species based on monoclonal antibody (Mab) binding (Moennig et al., 1987; Bolin et al., 1988; Hess et al., 1988; Zhou et al., 1989; Edwards et al., 1991; Edwards and Paton, 1995; Paton et al., 1995b) had limited success due to antigenic cross reactivity between proposed species, antigenic variation within proposed species, and the ease with which Mab escape mutants could be generated. Phylogenetic analysis of genomic sequences has proved very helpful in differentiating pestivirus species (Hofmann et al., 1994; Harasawa, 1996; Becher et al., 1997; Ridpath and Bolin, 1997; Sullivan et al., 1997; Vilcek et al., 1997; Harasawa et al., 2000; Vilcek et al., 2001b). The comparison of genomic