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novel method. In most forest regions it is still practically unknown. The extent of its present application is insignificant except in the Russian Federation.

Under some conditions full-tree logging may be out of the question. Under certain other conditions, it may be the best logging method.

4. Завершите предложения:

1. Sometimes felled trees are branched and topped … 2. This frequently aggravates …

3. It would be a formidable task to concentrate logging residues for … 4. Spruce and fir-trees can be skidded by…

5 The disposal of slash can be accomplished at … or in …

6.One of the greatest obstacles to residue utilization could be removed by … 7. Methods may be divided into three groups according to …

8. Felled trees can be bucked at the stump into … 9. The timber may be hauled as…

10.Along with the advance of logging mechanization, there is a growing trend in many places toward … method, the benefits of which, under suitable conditions, have long ago been demonstrated.

5. Согласитесь с утверждением или опровергните высказывание:

1.Trees are always branched and topped at the stump.

2.The branches and the tops are often left as slash.

3.Spruce and fir can be skidded using full-tree logging method.

4.According to full-tree method, felled trees are branched, topped and bucked at the stump.

5.The disposal of slash can be accomplished at the landing more efficiently than in the cutting area.

6.Wood residues should be concentrated at roadside landing, where appropriate mechanical equipment is available.

7.Logging methods can be divided into three groups.

8.Concentrating the residues in the forest can solve the problem of utilization.

9.There is a growing trend in many places toward the full-tree logging method.

10.The tree-length method has no benefits.

6. Найдите в тексте ответы на вопросы:

1. Where are felled trees branched and topped in some cases? 2. What aggravates forest fire danger?

3. Full-tree logging is a rather new development, isn’t it? 4. How are trees skidded?

5. What technological machines are used while skidding?

6. Why is it more efficient to dispose slash at the landing than in the cutting area? 7. What is one of the greatest obstacles to residue utilization?

8. How many logging methods are mentioned in this text? What are they?

9. What is the ratio between the common practice and the use of tree-length method? 10.Is full-tree logging widely used in the Russian Federation?

11.How are trees skidded using common (traditional) practice?

12. What is the difference between tree-length and full-tree methods?

МОДУЛЬ 6

BUCKING

1. Выучите слова и словосочетания по теме:

2. Повторите порядок слов в английском предложении. Приведите примеры простых безличных предложений, используя выученную лексику.

В английском предложении каждый член предложения, как правило, имеет свое определенное место. В простом распространенном повествовательном предложении на первом месте стоит

1) подлежащее, 2) сказуемое, 3) второстепенные члены предложения

(дополнение и обстоятельства образа действия, места, времени).

Например: 1) I, 2) gave, 3) mу brother, 3) a book, 4) yesterday.

Английские предложения отличаются от русских тем, что в них всегда есть подлежащее и сказуемое. Поэтому в безличных предложениях в качестве формального подлежащего используется местоимение it. Очень часто безличные предложения описывают явление природы, состояние погоды, обозначают время, расстояние:

It is cold today. Сегодня холодно. It rains. Идет дождь. It's nice to meet you. Приятно познакомиться. It is nine o'clock now. Сейчас девять часов.

Вопросительная и отрицательная формы безличных предложений образуются по тем же правилам, что и вопросительные и отрицательные формы предложений с именным составным сказуемым. Частица not ставится после первого вспомогательного глагола. Например: Is it cold? – Холодно? Wasn't it interesting? – Разве это не было интересно? Isn't it funny? – Разве это не смешно?

Оборот there is / there are служит для выражения наличия (отсутствия) какоголибо предмета в определенном месте или в определенное время. Выбор формы глагола to be зависит от числа существительного, следующего сразу за ним:

There is a chair and two armchairs in the room. – В комнате стул и два кресла. There are two armchairs and a chair in the room. – В комнате два кресла и стул.

Вопросительные предложения с оборотом there is / there are строятся следующим образом:

Общий вопрос: Is there anything in the bag? Will there be lessons tomorrow? Специальный вопрос: What is there in the bag?

3.Прочитайте и переведите текст:

As wood operations have become mechanized, the bucking operations – cutting the tree into log lengths – have been shifting from the stump location to the landing by the roadside or even to the plant where the wood is utilized. This trend is expected to continue. There is economy in handling long logs or treelength timber when the quantity to be handled justifies the purchase of heavy equipment for skidding, loading and hauling. There is also economy in doing the bucking at the landing or in the mill yard – semiportable power saws become feasible; logs can be cut to more accurate lengths. A bucking crew that does nothing else will be able to develop skill in cutting the maximum quality logs, especially out of hardwood trees.

In the smaller operations, however, and in a great many other cases the bucking is still being done in the woods. Even at the landing and the yard, some of the bucking will be done by hand. The subject of hand bucking still deserves attention.

Two things to avoid in bucking are: getting the saw blade pinched, and sawing into the ground. Care should also be taken that the bucked-off log does not fall or roll on one of the buckers. These things can be largely eliminated by seeing that the log is properly supported.

Bucking for integrated logging. The term “integrated logging” is applied to jobs where a variety of products are being cut. The tree trunks are cut up into the products that have the greatest value, whether it to be veneer logs, sawlogs, bolts, pulpwood, or fuel wood. Cutting up trees in this way calls for knowledge of the specification for these various products, and also for the knowledge of markets that will enable the operator to sell them profitably.

On the bigger jobs integrated logging is most frequently carried on by bringing tree lengths into a landing. It is possible to have there a bucking crew that understands the requirements for the various products to be marketed, and can recognize what each section of the tree should be cut into.

Even with the hand tools bucking can be done at the landing faster and more efficiently than it can buck in the woods. But more and more frequently bucking at the landing is done with machinery. A chain saw can be used. The electric chain saw has proved to be very efficient tool for this type of work.

Accuracy of measurement is important, especially in bucking sawlogs. Ordinarily a 3-inch trimming allowance for each 16 foot or shorter length is specified in order that any irregularity in the ends can be evened off by the trim saws at the mill, leaving square-end boards of the full specified length.

4. Укажите подлежащее, сказуемое и второстепенные члены в каждом предложении:

1.Wood operations have become mechanized.

2.There is economy in handling long logs.

3.The quantity of logs to be handled justifies the purchase of heavy equipment for skidding, loading and hauling.

4.Bucking can be done at the landing or in the mill yard.

5.A bucking crew will be able to develop skill in cutting hardwood trees.

6.Small operations are still being done in the woods.

7.Hand bucking still deserves attention.

8.At the landing and the yard some of the bucking will be done by hand.

9.The tree trunks are cut up into the products that have the greatest value.

10.Cutting up trees calls for knowledge of the specification of wood products.

11.It is possible to have a bucking crew that understands the requirements for the various products to be marketed.

12.An experienced woodman can recognize what each section of the tree should be cut into.

13.But more and more frequently bucking at the landing is done with machinery. 14.The electric chainsaw has proved to be a very efficient tool for this type of work.

5. Опровергните высказывания:

1.There is economy in doing the bucking at the landing or in the mill yard.

2.Power saws are useful for this work.

3.Logs can be cut to more accurate lengths.

4.One should avoid sawing into the ground.

5.The log must be properly supported.

6.The tree stems are cut into veneer logs.

7.Even with the hand tools bucking may be done at the landing faster and more efficiently than it can buck in the woods.

8.Sometimes workers use a chainsaw.

9.Accuracy of measurement in bucking sawlogs is important.

6. Составьте повествовательные предложения, используя слова из таблицы:

7. Напишите предложения в вопросительной форме (общий вопрос):

1.There is some lemonade for you.

2.There is a cheque on the desk.

3.There are some museums in the city.

4.There are some matches in the box.

5.There is a bar in this street.

6 There are a few questions to discuss now.

7.There is a nice place to visit in this country.

8.There are some traveller's cheques in the briefcase.

9.There is no river flowing through your town.

10.There are no questions to ask.

11.There is somebody here.

МОДУЛЬ 7

ADVANTAGES OF TRACTORS OVER OTHER METHOD OF SKIDDING AND HAULING

1. Выучите слова и словосочетания по теме: