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МОДУЛЬ 1

RUSSIAN TIMBER

1. Выучите слова и словосочетания по теме:

2. Повторите правила образования множественного числа существительных в английском языке. Приведите примеры, используя выученную лексику.

Множественное число существительных, кроме тех, основа которых оканчивается на -ch, -s, -ss, -sh, -x, а также существительных, имеющих окончание -о, образуется путем прибавления к основе окончания -s:

a book – books, a pen – pens, a girl – girls.

Множественное число существительных, основа которых оканчивается на -ch, - s, -ss, -sh, -x, а также имеющих окончание -о, образуется путем прибавления окончания -es:

a bench – benches, a bus – buses, a box – boxes, a potato – potatoes.

Существительные, оканчивающиеся на -у (после согласной) во множественном числе имеют окончание -ies:

a baby – babies, a fly – flies, a lady – ladies.

Существительные, оканчивающиеся на -у (после гласной) во множественном числе имеют окончание -s:

a boy – boys, a toy – toys.

Если слово оканчивается на f(-fe), то во множественном числе f меняется на v и добавляется -(es):

a life – lives, a knife – knives, a shelf – shelves, a wife – wives

(исключение: roof крыша – roofs)

Как читаются окончания существительных во множественном числе?

•-s читается как [s] после глухих согласных: books, cats;

•-s читается как [z] после звонких согласных и гласных: pens, boys;

• -es читается как [iz] после s, ss, sh, ch, x, z: boxes.

Ряд существительных образует множественное число не по общим правилам:

а) изменяется корневая гласная: a man – теп, a woman – women, a foot – feet, a tooth – teeth, a goose – geese, a mouse – mice.

б) добавляется окончание -еп: an ох – oxen, a child – children.

в) заимствуются формы единственного и множественного числа из латинского и греческого языков: a formula – formulae (formulas), a crisis – crises, a criterion – criteria, an index – indices, a bacterium – bacteria.

В английском языке есть существительные, которые имеют одну (общую) форму для единственного и множественного числа: a deer – deer, a sheep – sheep, a fish – fish, a swine – swine.

Некоторые существительные могут употребляться в форме только

3. Прочитайте и переведите текст:

In Russia forests cover a territory of over 700 million hectares, which is more than in the USA, Canada, Sweden and Finland, the leading timber suppliers, put together. The wood of the trees growing in Russia possesses excellent physical and chemical properties. Its grain, color and appearance attract the attention of timber consumers throughout the world.

The Russian federation possesses highly developed timber-procuring and woodworking industries. The procurement, transportation and rafting of timber are mechanized. The pulp-and-paper industry is developing apace. Many large cellulose and paper-making factories have gone into operation of late.

Timber is a traditional item of our country’s export list. In the last few years we have created conditions for expanding exports of timber and pulp-and-paper goods and offering new products – wooden boards, standard homes, modern furniture etc. – for sale on the world market. The output of the Russian timber and paper industry is purchased by more than 70 countries. Russian timber is of high quality, strong, easy to work, and possesses beautiful grain and pattern. All this plus prompt delivery and the wide variety of timber goods on the export program attracts ever more customers abroad.

Russia developed and put into practice a logging method in contrast to many other countries, where felled trees are branched and bucked and only then the logs of required length are transported. This logging method calls for the transportation (skidding) of the felled trees with crowns by tractor or winches to logging roads where the full trees are loaded, on trucks with trailers, and hauled to the forest yard, where the branching and bucking are carried out.

All the main operations in logging are done with the aid of machines. The main devices for tree felling are different types of saws. Gasoline saws are used in felling, while electric saws are used at the forest yards for bucking. In the design and manufacture of saws a great deal of attention is paid to the reduction of vibration and noise during their operation, because of the adversive effect on the worker’s health.

4. Завершите предложения:

1.The wood of the trees growing in Russia possesses …

2.Timber is a traditional item of …

3.In the last few years we have created conditions for ...

4.Russian timber is of high …

5.According to Russian logging method, felled trees are…

6.Transportation of the felled trees is performed by …

7.All the main operations in logging are done with the help of …

8.Saws are the main devices for …

5. Согласитесь с утверждением или опровергните высказывание:

1.Timber consumers throughout the world are attracted by the price of Russian wood.

2.The procurement, rafting and transportation of timber are performed manually.

3.Large paper-making factories and cellulose appeared lately.

4.New timber products are sold on the world market.

5.Russian timber is strong, easy to work, and possesses beautiful grain, color, appearance and pattern.

6.Felled trees are transported to logging roads without crowns.

7.The main devices for tree felling are axes.

6. Найдите в тексте ответы на вопросы:

1.What territory do forests cover in Russia?

2.What properties does Russian timber possess?

3.What industries connected with wood processing technologies are mentioned in this text?

4.Why is timber the traditional item of our country’s export list?

5.What new products are offered for sale on the world market?

6.Why do the customers prefer to buy Russian timber?

7. Выберите нужную форму глагола.

1.The money (is, are) on the desk.

2.Where (is, are) the money? – Here (is, are) the money.

3.The news (is, are) very good.

4.There (is, are) no news.

5.He gave me (a piece, pieces) of good advice.

6.What (is, are) the news?

МОДУЛЬ 2

FACTORS WHICH DETERMINE DEGREE OF UTILIZATION

1. Выучите слова и словосочетания по теме:

2. Повторите правила и приведите примеры личных и указательных местоимений.

Местоимения употребляются в предложении вместо имени существительного или имени прилагательного. Местоимение называет людей, предметы или признаки уже упомянутые ранее. Например:

Личные местоимения (Personal pronouns)

Слова, обозначающие мужчин (man, boy, son, husband, king), относятся к мужскому роду и заменяются местоимением he (он). Слова, обозначающие женщин (girl, woman, daughter, queen) относятся к женскому роду и заменяются местоимением she (она). Слова, обозначающие вещи (table, chair, book, clock) относятся к среднему роду, и заменяются местоимением it. Местоимение they (они) относится ко всем трем родам. После местоимения you глагол-сказуемое всегда стоит во множественном числе: You are a student. Ты студент.

Склонение личных местоимений

Указательные местоимения (Demonstrative рronouns) Указательные местоимения this и that имеют единственное и множественное

Указательное местоимение such имеет одну неизменяемую форму. Например: I like such books. Мне нравятся такие книги.

3. Прочитайте и переведите текст:

Form, size and condition must lend themselves to utilization. Much sawdust is wasted because its form and condition make it unadaptable for any large commercial use. One tenth to one fifth of the total volume of some our logs is turned into sawdust. This sawdust is occasionally used but not to any large extent. Only a small number of slabs from sawmills are generally consumed, except for fuel, lath, and pulp, because few products can be made from them profitably. Large quantities of material are left in the woods because of broken tops or scattered logs, or because disease and insects render their condition or form unavailable for utilization. There is heavy wastage in the process of conversion of the raw material to the ultimate form of utilization. In these various manufacturing processes large quantities of small forms of wood are developed for which no profitable market may be available. Several hundred thousand cords of slab-wood, however, are converted every year into paper pulp. More than 6000 carloads of waste materials are developed in the New York woodworking and manufacturing plants every year. Definite progress is being made to eliminate this enormous wastage.

4. Напишите предложения в отрицательной форме, обратите внимание на выделенныеглаголы:

1.Form, size and condition must lend themselves to utilization.

2.They have the right to make decisions.