Материал: 2654

5.I (paid / was paying) my check when I (heard / was hearing) someone call my name.

6.I (turned / was turning) round and (saw / was seeing) Jenny.

7.Pardon, (I didn't hear / wasn't hearing) what you (said / were saying)!

8.I (finished / was finishing) shopping and (went / was going) home.

9.I (asked / was asking) her if she (knew / was knowing) any good Spanish restaurant there.

10.When I (came / was coming) back home I (took / was taking) an aspirin and (went / was going) to bed.

11.When Ruth (looked out / was looking out) of the window she (saw / was seeing) that it (still snowed / was still snowing).

МОДУЛЬ 10

TRUCK ROADS. ROAD MAINTENANCE.

1. Выучите слова и словосочетания по теме:

2. Повторите времена английского глагола. Приведите примеры, используя выученную лексику.

Глаголы в формах Perfect выражают действие завершенное, приведшее к определенному результату (или к отсутствию результата).

Можно сказать, что с помощью форм Perfect мы подводим итоги определенному периоду времени, определенных действий.

3. Прочитайте и переведите текст:

With the increase in the use of motor trucks as the principal means of major transportation, the construction and operation of all-weather roads has become a matter of major importance in logging. For the relative level topography and open timber stands of southern pine and frequently flat areas of ponderosa pine, truck roads can be built at little expense, with a little brushing out and perhaps bridging and corduroying low swampy spots. On the other hand, in mountainous or rugged terrain and in heavy timber, the construction of roads is a matter of major expense.

Various forms of trail builders, bulldozers are used to build these truck roads. First the necessary planning in connection with a topographic contour map is done. Then the roads leading from felling and skidding areas to landings or sawmills must be built, together with the necessary clearance of right of way, excavation, drainage, surfacing, culverts, bridges and other necessary phases of road construction. Sometimes expensive rock work, cribbing and retaining walls must be constructed, especially if the road is of permanent or semipermanent construction. The maximum permissible adverse grades, width of highway, degree of course, and other items must be carefully planned so that truck loads may be carried at reasonable expense.

Road maintenance is also important in logging operations. The snow road is easy to maintain. Once the road surface is established, the scraper is practically the only tool used to maintain it. Scraping is needed to keep the road surface down to reasonable level, largely to simplify loading.

Iced roads require more maintenance. During hauling, the road is torn up through the day by tractor treads or truck chains, and it must be sprinkled and rutted practically every night. When there is a snowfall, plowing is needed before the road can be put into condition for hauling. In recent years heavy tractors or trucks with nose plows have been used more and more for such work.

Hand maintenance is also necessary. Dirt, bark, and manure must be cleaned out of the ruts. Hand shoveling, either into or out of the road, is needed to supplement the work of the plows and scrapers. Hand work with the axe is often necessary to remove obstruction from the ruts.

4. Вставьте необходимые слова:

1.The construction and operation of all-weather roads has become a matter of … in …

2.Various forms of trail builders and bulldozers are used to build …

3.The roads leading from … and …areas to … or … must be built.

4.The necessary phases of road construction are: …

5.On the surface of the snow road … is practically the only tool used to maintain it.

6.Iced roads require more …

7.When there is a snowfall, … is needed before the road can be put into condition for hauling.

8.… is needed to supplement the work of the plows and scrapers.

9.Hand work with … is often necessary to remove obstruction from the ruts.

5. Найдите ответы на вопросы в тексте:

1.What happened with the increase in the use of motor trucks?

2.Is it difficult or easy to build roads across flat forestered areas?

3.In what regions is the construction of roads a problem?

4.What transport is used to build truck roads?

5.What are the main stages of building roads? Enumerate them briefly.

6.What factors should be taken into consideration while building roads?

7.What road is easy to maintain?

8.Why do iced roads require more maintenance?

9.What machines and equipment are used to maintain snow and iced roads?

10.What kinds of work can be done by hand?

11.What equipment is used in hand maintenance of the roads?

6.Перескажите кратко содержание текста.

7.Выберите нужную форму глагола из предложенных в скобках:

1.They__________ the company two years ago.

a)started b) have started

2.He__________ the Managing Director of the company since 1990.

a)was b) has been

3.We________ the project yet.

a)didn't finish b) haven't finished

4.Our company_______ a big profit last year.

a)made b) have made

5.My car_________. I won't be able to drive to the countryside at the weekend.

a)broke down b) has broken down

6.He___________ a new car two weeks ago.

a)bought b) has bought

7.I_________ them since December.

a)didn't see b) haven't seen

8.Last year we________ to manufacture new items of office equipment.

a)began b) has begun

9.He and his wife, Helena,_________ for over 30 years.

a)were married b) have been married

8.Выпишите из текста предложение в Present Perfect. Напишите его в Past Perfect и Future Perfect. Поставьте по два вопроса (общий и специальный) к каждому предложению.

МОДУЛЬ 11

LOG HAULING IN WINTER

1. Выучите слова и словосочетания по теме:

2. Повторите времена английского глагола. Приведите примеры, используя выученную лексику.

В английском сложноподчиненном предложении с придаточным дополнительным (вопрос «что?», «кто?», «чего?» и т.д.) соблюдаются правила согласования времен в главном и придаточном предложениях. Эти правила сводятся к следующему:

1.Если глагол-сказуемое главного предложения стоит в настоящем или будущем времени, то глагол-сказуемое придаточного дополнительного предложения может стоять в любой временной форме, требуемой смыслом, например:

Не says you are right. Он говорит, что ты прав. Не will tell why he was not at school yesterday. Он скажет, почему он не был в школе вчера.

2.Если глагол-сказуемое главного предложения стоит в прошедшем времени (обычно Past Indefinite), то и глагол дополнительного придаточного предложения должен стоять в одном из прошедших времен: He said he went to institute every day. Он сказал, что ходит в институт каждый день. Не told me he was preparing for his exam. Он сказал мне, что готовится к экзамену. I didn't know he had left for Moscow. Я не знал, что он уехал в Москву. Не told me that he would meet me at the college.

Он сказал мне, что встретит меня в колледже.

Прямая речь может быть либо передана так, как она была произнесена, либо описана с помощью сложноподчиненного предложения (косвенная речь):

Прямая речь вводится словами ... say/says/said, за которыми ставится запятая, и берется в кавычки. В косвенной речи запятая, как правило, не ставится и союз that часто не употребляется.

Условные предложения делятся на предложения реального условия и предложения нереального условия. Употребление глагольных форм в этих