3.Those decisions influenced company's affairs last year.
4.There is heavy wastage in the process of conversion of raw materials to the ultimate form of utilization.
5.Operating management includes the president and the general manager.
6.Definite progress is being made to eliminate this enormous wastage.
7.Large quantities of small forms of wood are developed in manufacturing processes.
8.They chose the most favourable solution.
9.The sawdust is occasionally used by woodworking and manufacturing plants.
10.To operate a business one should have management skills.
11.They are constantly planning, organizing and controlling something.
5. Ответьте на вопросы:
1.Why is much sawdust wasted?
2.What volume of logs is turned into sawdust?
3.Can many or few products be made of slabs profitably?
4.Large quantities of material are left in the woods, aren’t they?
5.What are the reasons for leaving wood material in the forests without usage?
6.Is there heavy wastage in the manufacturing process of timber?
7.What is converted every year into pulp?
8.Is any progress being made to eliminate the enormous wastage of raw material?
6. Выпишите из текста предложения на темы:
1)The main problems of utilization.
2)Types of waste materials.
3)Products made from waste materials.
4)The reasons of loss and degrade of raw materials in the woods.
7. Выберите нужную форму местоимения:
1.Where's that naughty dog? We can't find him___________. a) somewhere b) anywhere c) nowhere
2.We've done___________ possible. But all in vain.
a) something b) anything c) everything
3. There was__________ in the room. It was empty. a) nobody b)anybody c) somebody
4.I couldn't see_________ in the dark. a) someone b) anything c) everyone
5.____should be present at the meeting. A very serious question will be discussed. a) someone b) any one c) everyone
6.Where's my wallet? I put it_________ over here.
a) somewhere b) anywhere c) nowhere
7. Can I do___________ to improve the situation? a) something b) anything c) everything
8. I've heard________ about this project but I don't know all the details. a) something b) anything c) everything
9) ______ was noticed leaving the house that night apart from Mr. Blake himself. Not a single person.
a) Someone b) No one c) Everyone
10.______who was present at the party was questioned by the Inspector. All of them were suspected.
a) Everybody b) Nobody c) Someone
МОДУЛЬ 3
FELLING AND LOG-MAKING
1. Выучите слова и словосочетания по теме:
felling |
валка (дерева) |
|
crown |
крона |
power saw |
электропила |
|
undercut |
подпил, подруб |
feller (cutter) |
лесоруб |
|
trunk |
ствол |
to trim branches |
обрезать ветви |
backcut |
пропил, задний рез (по |
|
|
|
|
|
стороне |
|
|
|
|
дерева,противоположной |
|
|
|
|
направлению валки) |
landing |
погрузочная |
|
stump |
пень |
|
площадка, |
склад |
|
|
|
лесопогрузочный |
|
|
|
|
пункт |
|
|
|
the lean of a tree |
наклондерева |
|
bark |
кора |
2. Повторите правила употребления вопросительных и неопределенных местоимений в английском языке. Приведите примеры, используя выученную лексику.
Вопросительные местоимения Эти местоимения употребляются в вопросительных предложениях.
What (что, какой, какая, какое, какие)
What is it? Что это такое? What book is it? Какая это книга?
Who (кто)
Who is this man? Кто этот человек?
Whose (чей)
Whose pencil is it? Чей это карандаш?
Which (который)
Which of these books is yours? Которая из этих книг твоя?
When (когда)
When does the lesson begin? Когда начинается урок?
Why (почему, зачем)
Why did you come here? Почему вы пришли сюда?
How (как)
How are you? Как поживаете?
How many (much) (сколько)
Вопросительное местоимение what относится к cловам, обозначающим вещи, предметы, явления. Вопросительное местоимение who относится к cловам, обозначающим людей. Однако, обратите внимание:
Who is he? Кто он? (как его зовут) Не is Mr Johnson. What is he? Кто он? (по профессии) Не is a broker.
Неопределенные местоимения some, any, отрицательное местоимение по и их производные
Употребление some и any, а также их производных определяется типом предложения. В утвердительном предложении употребляются, как правило, местоимение some и его производные:
Give me something to read, please. Дайте мне что-нибудь почитать, пожалуйста. I met him somewhere before. Я встречал его где-то раньше.
Ввопросительных и отрицательных предложениях обычно используются местоимение any и его производные:
Have you seen him anywhere? Вы видели его где-нибудь?
Is there anything I can do for you? Могу ли я что-нибудь для вас сделать?
Вотрицательных предложениях используется либо местоимение any и его производные:
I cannot find this book anywhere. Я не могу нигде найти эту книгу.
–либо отрицательное местоимение no:
There is nobody in that room. В той комнате никого нет.
There isn't anybody in that room. В той комнате никого нет.
Различия между местоимениями any и some – в степени неопределенности, поэтому иногда местоимение any можно встретить и в утвердительных предложениях:
You can find this book anywhere. Эту книгу вы можете найти где угодно.
3. Прочитайте и переведите текст:
The process of cutting down a tree is called felling. The felling may be done with hand or bow saw or with power saw. The men who do it are called fellers or cutters. The task of the feller or felling crew in the woods is to fell a tree so that it will not lodge against another, will not break because of uneven ground and will lie so that it can be trimmed of branches, cut into logs, and skidded to the landing with least difficulty. The lean of the tree and the side that has the heaviest part of the crown will determine to some extent which way it must fall. Driving wedges in the saw cut will sometimes change this; and a skillfully placed undercut will provide a very accurate dropping of the tree. An undercut is made by removing a wedge-shaped section of the trunk. The backcut will be made and the tree will fall in the direction of the undercut. A narrow
strip of wood left between the undercut and the backcut will prevent the tree from rotating on the stump as it falls.
The tree must be cut at the lowest point in order to reduce the height of the stump. In America the stump is sometimes cut from 12 up to 18 inches and even from 16 up to 24 inches from the ground because of the great size of trees. Care must be taken to avoid the damage to young trees in selecting the place to drop the tree.
Then comes the logging or bucking which is sometimes power-driven. As the bole may be used for different purposes, the log must be cut into short or into long lengths. But sometimes the entire bole is transported. The bark of the bole is usually removed with an axe. Red wood logs are rossed in the forest before the boles are made into logs. Spruce logs intended for pulpwood are also peeled in the forest.
4. Поставьте глаголы в скобках в нужной форме. Найдите сказуемые в предложениях. Определите время и залог каждого предложения:
1.The felling may (to do) with hand or bow saw or with power saw.
2.The men who (to do) it (to call) fellers or cutters.
3.The task of the feller or felling crew in the woods is (to fell) a tree.
4.The tree can (to trim) of branches, (to cut) into logs, and (to skid) to the landing.
5.The lean of the tree and the side that has the heaviest part of the crown (to determine) to some extent which way it (must) (to fall).
6.An undercut (to make) by removing a wedge-shaped section of the trunk.
7.The backcut (to prevent) the tree from rotating on the stump as it (to fall).
8.The tree (must) (to cut) at the lowest point in order (to reduce) the height of the stump.
9.Care (must) (to take) (to avoid) the damage to young trees in selecting the place (to drop) the tree.
10.Spruce logs (to intend) for pulpwood are also (to peel) in the forest.
5.Составьте план текста и определите ключевые идеи по каждому из пунктов плана.
6.Укажите исчисляемые и неисчисляемые существительные, выберите нужное слово из предложенных в скобках:
1.There are very (much, many) people in the restaurant.
2.There isn’t (many, much) beer in the bottle.
3.Is there (much, many) coffee in the cup?
4.Give me (a few, a little) travellers' cheques.
5.There are (many, much) visitors in Moscow now.
6.(A few, a little) passengers are going to the Departure Control
7.He had (a little, a few) luggage with him.
8.Will you give me (a few, a little) wine, please?
9.There are very (few, little) restaurants in this street.
10.How (much, many) time have you got? I'll call you back in (a few, a little) minutes.
7. Изложите кратко содержание тем:
1)The way felling is done.
2)Undercut and backcut.
3)Logging and bucking.
МОДУЛЬ 4
DIRECTION OF FALL. ROTTEN TREES.
1. Выучите слова и словосочетания по теме:
logger |
лесозаготовитель |
log |
бревно |
axe |
топор |
stem |
ствол, стебель |
limb |
сук |
rotten tree |
гнилое дерево |
slope |
склон |
butt |
основание |
stump |
пень |
to chop |
рубить |
2. Повторите правила образования степеней сравнения прилагательных и наречий в английском языке. Приведите примеры, используя выученную лексику.
Прилагательные обозначают признаки предметов и отвечают на вопрос какой?: а wide road – широкая дорога, а tall tree – высокое дерево, аn interesting book – интересная книга. Наречия отвечают на вопрос как?:
He speaks English well. – Он говорит по-английски хорошо. Прилагательные и наречия имеют три формы степеней сравнения:
положительную (positive degree), сравнительную (comparative degree), превосходную (superlative degree)
Формы сравнительной и превосходной степеней образуются двумя способами:
1.Односложные прилагательные образуют форму сравнительной степени при помощи суффикса -er, а форму превосходной степени – с определенным артиклем the при помощи суффикса -est: strong – stronger – the strongest, cold – colder – the coldest. Подобным образом образуют степени сравнения и некоторые двусложные прилагательные: easy – easier – the easiest, clever – cleverer – the cleverest.
2.Многосложные прилагательные образуют сравнительную степень при помощи слова more, а превосходную степень – при помощи the most: famous – more (less) famous – the most (least) famous, interesting - more interesting – the most interesting.
Исключения при образовании степеней сравнения прилагательных и наречий:
Положительная степень |
Сравнительная степень |
Превосходная степень |
good (хороший) |
better (лучше) |
the best (самый хороший) |
bad (плохой) |
worse (хуже,) |
the worst (самый плохой) |