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Motivation in education can have several effects on how students learn and how

б and process errors. StudentsАwith high intrinsic motivation attribute performance to

personal control and that their error-monitoring system is more strongly engaged by

performance errors. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motivation - cite note-124

Impact of teaching style on student intrinsic motivation. It may appear that the reason some students are more engaged and perform better in class activities relative to other students is because some are moreДmotivated than others. However, current research suggests that motivation is not concrete or quantifiable; it is dynamic, context sensitive, and changeable. Thus, students have the flexibility to, intrinsically, motivate themselves to engage in an activity or learn something new even if they were not intrinsically motivated in the first place. While having this type of flexibility is important, research reveals that a teacher's teachingИstyle and the school environment also play a factor in student motivation.

Self-determination in education. Self-determination is the ability to make choices and exercise a high degree of control, such as what the student does and how they do it. Self-determination can be supported by providing opportunities for students to be challenged, such as leadership opportunities, providing appropriate feedback and fostering, establishing and maintaining good relationships between teachers and students. These strategies can increase students' interest, competence, creativity and desire to be challenged and ensure that students are intrinsically motivated to study. On the other hand, students who lack self-determination are more likely to feel their success is out of their control. Such students lose motivation to study, which causes a state of "learned helplessness". Students who feel helpless readily believe they will fail and therefore cease to try. Over time, a vicious circle of low achievement develops.

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С ПРИВЫЧКИ

1. Перевед те предложения, обращая внимание на сочетаемость

лексемы habit:

и…women's television viewing habits … trying to kick the smoking habit

I found some of his personal habits rather odd.

… an effort to change the buying habits of the public

She had beenбin the habit of drinking five or six cups of coffee a day.

She's got some very annoying habits.

He had an irritating habit of singing tunelessly about the house.

I had fallen into my old bad habit of leaving everything until the last minute. Try to get into good habits and eat regular healthy meals.

Make a habit of notingАdown any telephone messages. Don't let eating between meals become a habit.

It is a difficult habit to break.

Even last year the nation's eating habits changed significantly. Much of what we do in daily life is done by habit.

I sat in my old seat purely out of habit.Д Horses are creatures of habit and like to have a daily routine.

Mr Norris bellowed from force of habit. It's hard to change the habits of a lifetime.

Примечание:

annoying, anti-social, bad, dirty, horrible, irritating, nasty, good \ eccentric, odd\ old \ daily, regular \ personal, social \ buying, shopping, spending \ dietary, drinking,

Phrases:

a creature of habit force of habit

the habit of a lifetime Habit is a second nature.

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2. Составьте небольшой текст-описание возможных привычек человека и их сущности. Укажите, какие привычки вызывают ваше раздражение, одобрение и т.д. Используйте лексемы задания 1 (Примечание).

3. Переведите представленный ниже текст, на основе его содержания постройте опорную схему, по которой легко будет пересказать текст.

СA habit (or wont) is a routine of behavior that is repeated regularly and tends to occur subconsciously. It is a more or less fixed way of thinking, willing, or feeling acquired through previous repetition of a mental experience. Habitual behavior often goes unnoticed in persons exhibiting it, because a person does not need to engage in self-analysis when undertaking routine tasks. Habits are sometimes compulsory. New behaviours can become automatic through the process of habit formation. Old habits are hard to break and new habits are hard to form because the behavioural patterns

cite_note-g2007_Wood Neal-8 А

Habit formation is the process by which a behavior, through regular repetition, becomes automatic or habitual. This process of habit formation can be slow.

As the habit is forming, it can be analysed in three parts: the cue, the behavior, and the reward. The cue is the thing that causes the habit to come about, the trigger of the habitual behavior. This could be anythingДthat one's mind associates with that habit and one will automatically let a habit come to the surface. The behavior is the actual habit that one exhibits, and the reward, a positive feeling, therefore continues the "habit loop". A habit may initially be triggered by a goal, but over time that goal becomes less necessary and the habit becomes more automatic.

A variety of digital tools, online or mobile apps,Иhave been introduced that are designed to support habit formation. For example, Habitica is a system that uses gamification, implementing strategies found in video games to real life tasks by adding rewards such as experience and gold.

Some habits are known as "keystone habits", and these influence the formation of other habits. For example, identifying as the type of person who takes care of their body and is in the habit of exercising regularly, can also influence eating better and using credit cards less. In business, safety can be a keystone habit that influences other habits that result in greater productivity.

Habits mediate the relationship between self-control and unhealthy snack

consumption. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Habit - cite_note-18

The results of the study empirically demonstrate that high-self control may influence the formation of habits and in turn affect behavior.

Habits can either benefit or hurt the goals a person sets for themselves.

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Goals guide habits by providing the initial outcome-oriented motivation for response repetition. In this sense, habits are often a trace of past goal pursuit.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Habit - cite_note-g2007_Wood_Neal-8

Behavior prediction is also derived from goals. Behavior prediction is to acknowledge the likelihood that a habit will form, but in order to form that habit, a goal must have been initially present. The influence of goals on habits is what makes a habit different from other automatic processes in the mind.

СThere are a number of habits possessed by individuals that can be classified as nervous habits. These include nail-biting, stammering, sniffling, and banging the

head. They are known as symptoms of an emotional state and are generally based upon conditions of anxiety, insecurity, inferiority and tension. These habits are often formed at a young age and may be because of a need for attention. When trying to overcome a nervous habit it is important to resolve the cause of the nervous feeling rather than the symptom which is a habit itself or as a result one could experience anxiety. Anxiety is a disorder known for excessive and unexpected worry that

и negatively impactsбan individual’s daily life, and routines.

A bad habit is an undesirable behavior pattern. Common examples include: procrastination, fidgeting, overspending, and nail-biting. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Habit

The sooner one recognizes these bad habits, the easier it is to fix them.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Habit - cite note-25

Rather than merely attempting to eliminate a bad habit, it may be more productive to seek to replace it with a healthier coping mechanism.

Elimination. Many techniques exist for removing established bad habits, e.g., withdrawal of reinforcers – identifying and removingИfactors that trigger and

reinforce the habit. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Habit - cite note-29

Recognizing and eliminating bad habits as soon as possible is advised. Habit elimination becomes more difficult with age because repetitions reinforce habits cumulatively over the lifespan.

4. Найдите в тексте следующие слова и выражения и переведите их. Составьте с ними предложения.

perceiving – explicit – implicit – epistemology –

justified true belief – Gettier problems –

a landmark philosophical problem –

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