Материал: Руководство ВОЗ по питанию женщин

ɍɱɟɛɧɵɣ ɤɭɪɫ “Ɂɞɨɪɨɜɚɹ ɩɢɳɚ ɢ ɩɢɬɚɧɢɟ ɠɟɧɳɢɧ ɢ ɢɯ ɫɟɦɟɣ”

ɚɛɫɨɪɛɢɪɭɟɦɨɝɨ ɢɡ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɥɹɟɦɨɣ ɩɢɳɢ, ɞɥɹ ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɹ ɭɪɨɜɧɟɣ ɤɚɥɶɰɢɹ ɜ ɫɵɜɨɪɨɬɤɟ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɦ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶ ɟɝɨ ɪɟɡɟɪɜɵ, ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɳɢɟɫɹ ɜ ɤɨɫɬɹɯ. Ɍɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɝɨɪɦɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦɵ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɨɱɟɧɶ ɬɨɱɧɨ ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɭɸɬ ɭɪɨɜɧɢ ɤɚɥɶɰɢɹ ɜ ɫɵɜɨɪɨɬɤɟ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɪɟɡɨɪɛɰɢɸ ɤɨɫɬɟɣ, ɢɧɨɝɞɚ ɞɨɫɬɢɝɚɸɬ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɡɚ ɫɱɟɬ ɩɨɬɟɪɢ ɤɨɫɬɧɨɣ ɦɚɫɫɵ, ɱɬɨ ɜ ɤɨɧɟɱɧɨɦ ɢɬɨɝɟ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɩɪɢɜɟɫɬɢ ɤ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɸ ɨɫɬɟɨɩɨɪɨɡɚ ɭ ɩɨɠɢɥɵɯ ɥɸɞɟɣ ɢɥɢ ɤ ɡɚɦɟɞɥɟɧɢɸ ɪɨɫɬɚ ɭ ɦɚɥɟɧɶɤɢɯ ɞɟɬɟɣ.

Ɋɚɯɢɬɢɨɫɬɟɨɦɚɥɹɰɢɹɨɬɥɢɱɚɸɬɫɹɨɬɨɫɬɟɨɩɨɪɨɡɚɬɟɦ, ɱɬɨɢɯɩɪɢɱɢɧɨɣɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹɩɪɟɠɞɟ ɜɫɟɝɨɧɟɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨɫɬɶɜɢɬɚɦɢɧɚD, ɞɟɥɚɸɳɚɹɧɟɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɣɚɛɫɨɪɛɰɢɸɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨɝɨ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɚɤɚɥɶɰɢɹ. ɗɬɨɢɦɟɟɬɦɟɫɬɨɫɪɟɞɢɦɨɥɨɞɵɯɥɸɞɟɣɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɯɪɚɫɢɫɪɟɞɢɩɨɠɢɥɵɯ, ɧɚ ɤɨɠɭɤɨɬɨɪɵɯɧɟɩɨɩɚɞɚɟɬɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨɫɨɥɧɟɱɧɨɝɨɫɜɟɬɚ, ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨɝɨɞɥɹɫɬɢɦɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɜɵɪɚɛɨɬɤɢɜɢɬɚɦɢɧɚD ɢɡɟɝɨɩɪɟɞɲɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɢɤɨɜɜɤɨɠɧɵɯɩɨɤɪɨɜɚɯ. ɉɪɢɱɢɧɵɩɪɨɝɪɟɫɫɢɜɧɨɣ ɩɨɬɟɪɢɤɨɫɬɧɨɣɦɚɫɫɵɩɪɢɨɫɬɟɨɩɨɪɨɡɟɜɫɟɟɳɟɧɟɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɵ, ɯɨɬɹɭɠɟɜɵɹɜɥɟɧɨɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɡɚɞɟɣɫɬɜɨɜɚɧɧɵɯɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɜ(ɫɦ. ɬɚɛɥ. 16). ɉɨɬɟɪɹɤɨɫɬɧɨɣɦɚɫɫɵɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬɩɪɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɜɨ ɜɫɟɯɫɥɭɱɚɹɯɩɨɫɥɟɬɨɝɨ, ɤɚɤɷɬɨɬɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɶɞɨɫɬɢɝɫɜɨɟɝɨɩɢɤɚɜɫɤɨɪɟɩɨɫɥɟɞɨɫɬɢɠɟɧɢɹ30ɥɟɬɧɟɝɨɜɨɡɪɚɫɬɚɢ, ɩɨ-ɜɢɞɢɦɨɦɭ, ɭɫɤɨɪɹɟɬɫɹɭɠɟɧɳɢɧɜɩɨɫɬɦɟɧɨɩɚɭɡɟ. ȼɦɟɫɬɟɫɬɟɦɹɫɧɨ, ɱɬɨ ɥɸɞɢ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟɧɚɪɚɫɬɢɥɢɛɨɥɶɲɭɸɤɨɫɬɧɭɸɦɚɫɫɭɜɧɚɱɚɥɟɠɢɡɧɢ, ɛɭɞɭɬɜɦɟɧɶɲɟɣɫɬɟɩɟɧɢ ɫɬɪɚɞɚɬɶɨɬɩɨɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɣɧɟɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨɣɤɪɟɩɨɫɬɢɤɨɫɬɟɣɜɩɨɠɢɥɨɦɜɨɡɪɚɫɬɟ.

Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 16. Ɏɚɤɬɨɪɵ, ɜɥɢɹɸɳɢɟ ɧɚ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɶ ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬɧɨɣ ɩɨɬɟɪɢ ɤɨɫɬɧɨɣ ɦɚɫɫɵ

8.3 ȼɨɞɚ

ȼɨɞɚ, ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ, ɩɨ-ɜɢɞɢɦɨɦɭ, ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɜɚɠɧɵɦ ɢɡ ɜɫɟɯ ɩɢɬɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ, ɩɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭɩɪɨɠɢɬɶ ɛɟɡ ɜɨɞɵ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɥɢɲɶ ɤɨɪɨɬɤɢɣ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ – ɜ ɥɭɱɲɟɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɞɧɟɣ. ɗɬɨ ɨɛɴɹɫɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɬɟɦ, ɱɬɨ ɛɟɡ ɚɞɟɤɜɚɬɧɨɝɨ ɭɪɨɜɧɹ ɦɨɱɟɢɫɩɭɫɤɚɧɢɹ ɜ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɦɟ ɛɭɞɭɬ ɧɚɤɚɩɥɢɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɵ ɜɵɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ; ɛɨɥɟɟ ɬɨɝɨ, ɛɟɡ ɩɨɬɟɪɢ ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɢ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɦ ɧɟ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɟɧ ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɬɟɩɥɨɨɛɦɟɧ. Ɇɵ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɩɨɥɭɱɚɬɶ ɜɨɞɭɢɡ ɧɚɩɢɬɤɨɜ ɢ ɩɢɳɟɜɵɯ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɨɜ. Ʉɪɨɦɟ ɬɨɝɨ, ɧɚɲ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɦ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɜɵɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɬɶ ɟɟ ɜ ɫɜɨɢɯ ɤɥɟɬɤɚɯ ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɦɟɬɚɛɨɥɢɡɦɚ (ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɪɚɡɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ) ɠɢɪɨɜ, ɚɥɤɨɝɨɥɹ, ɛɟɥɤɨɜ ɢ ɭɝɥɟɜɨɞɨɜ. ȼɨɞɚ, ɩɨɫɬɭɩɚɸɳɚɹ ɜ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɦ ɫ ɩɢɳɟɣ, ɨɛɵɱɧɨ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɟɬ ɭɞɨɜɥɟɬɜɨɪɟɧɢɟ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɩɨɥɨɜɢɧɵ ɧɚɲɢɯ ɟɠɟɞɧɟɜɧɵɯ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɜ ɜɨɞɟ. ɑɟɦ ɛɨɥɶɲɟ ɜɨɞɵ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɢɬ ɩɢɳɟɜɨɣ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬ, ɬɟɦ ɦɟɧɟɟ ɷɧɟɪɝɨɟɦɤɢɦ ɨɧ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ , ɬ.ɟ. ɛɨɝɚɬɵɟ ɜɨɞɨɣ ɩɢɳɟɜɵɟ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɵ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɬ ɦɟɧɶɲɟɟ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɤɢɥɨɞɠɨɭɥɟɣ ɧɚ 100 ɝ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɚ.

ɉɨɬɪɟɛɧɨɫɬɶ ɜ ɜɨɞɟ ɜɨ ɦɧɨɝɨɦ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɨɤɪɭɠɚɸɳɢɦɢ ɧɚɫ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɦɢ. Ɍɚɤ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɜ ɠɚɪɤɨɦ ɤɥɢɦɚɬɟ ɦɵ ɬɟɪɹɟɦ ɛɨɥɶɲɟɟ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɜɨɞɵ – ɤɚɤ ɫ ɩɨɬɨɦ, ɬɚɤ ɢ ɫ ɜɵɞɵɯɚɟɦɵɦ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɨɦ.

Ɉɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɢɟ ɞɨɥɠɧɨɝɨ ɝɢɝɢɟɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɜɨɞɧɵɯ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɨɜ ɜɨ ɦɧɨɝɨɦ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɫɬɜɨɜɚɥɨ ɭɥɭɱɲɟɧɢɸ ɡɞɨɪɨɜɶɹ ɥɸɞɟɣ. ȼ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɟɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɮɬɨɪɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɜɨɞɵ ɜ

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ɍɱɟɛɧɵɣ ɤɭɪɫ “Ɂɞɨɪɨɜɚɹ ɩɢɳɚ ɢ ɩɢɬɚɧɢɟ ɠɟɧɳɢɧ ɢ ɢɯ ɫɟɦɟɣ”

ɪɚɣɨɧɚɯ, ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɜɨɞɧɵɟ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɢ ɛɟɞɧɵ ɫɨɥɹɦɢ ɮɬɨɪɚ, ɩɨɡɜɨɥɢɥɨ ɭɦɟɧɶɲɢɬɶ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɢ ɤɚɪɢɟɫɚ ɡɭɛɨɜ. ɋɩɟɰɢɚɥɢɫɬɵ ɩɨ ɩɢɬɚɧɢɸ ɪɟɤɨɦɟɧɞɭɸɬ ɥɸɞɹɦ ɩɢɬɶ ɜɨɞɭ, ɩɪɟɞɩɨɱɢɬɚɹ ɟɟ ɞɪɭɝɢɦ ɧɚɩɢɬɤɚɦ, ɢ ɩɢɬɶ ɟɟ ɜ ɚɞɟɤɜɚɬɧɵɯ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɚɯ ɜ ɫɭɯɭɸ ɢ ɠɚɪɤɭɸ ɩɨɝɨɞɭ ɢ ɩɪɢ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɢ ɮɢɡɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ. ɉɪɢ ɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨɦ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɥɟɧɢɢ ɜɨɞɵ ɜɚɦ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɦɟɧɶɲɟ ɯɨɬɟɬɶɫɹ ɜɵɩɢɬɶ ɫɩɢɪɬɧɨɝɨ, ɤɨɮɟ ɢɥɢ ɢɧɵɯ ɧɚɩɢɬɤɨɜ ɢ, ɜɟɪɨɹɬɧɨ, ɜɚɦ ɞɚɠɟ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɦɟɧɶɲɟ ɯɨɬɟɬɶɫɹ ɟɫɬɶ. Ʉɪɨɦɟ ɬɨɝɨ, ɛɥɚɝɨɞɚɪɹ ɷɬɨɦɭ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɚɬɫɹ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɟ ɮɬɨɪɚ ɜ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɦ ɢ ɨɛɴɟɦ ɦɨɱɟɨɬɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ, ɚ ɪɢɫɤ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɩɨɱɟɱɧɵɯ ɤɚɦɧɟɣ ɫɧɢɡɢɬɫɹ.

ɉɪɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɧɟɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨ ɩɢɬɶ ɫɥɢɲɤɨɦ ɦɧɨɝɨ ɜɨɞɵ. Ɉɪɝɚɧɢɡɦ ɤɨɦɩɟɧɫɢɪɭɟɬ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɧɨɟ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɟ ɜɨɞɵ, ɭɜɟɥɢɱɢɜɚɹ ɟɟ ɜɵɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ ɫ ɦɨɱɨɣ. Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ ɜ ɪɹɞɟ ɩɚɬɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɣ ɜɨɞɚ ɜɫɟ ɠɟ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɚɤɤɭɦɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɜ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɦɟ. ɂɧɨɝɞɚ – ɢɡ-ɡɚ ɩɫɢɯɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɩɪɢɱɢɧ – ɧɚɛɥɸɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɢɡɥɢɲɧɟɟ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɥɟɧɢɟ ɜɨɞɵ.

Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 17. ɉɨɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɟ ɜɨɞɵ ɜ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɦ

Ȼɢɛɥɢɨɝɪɚɮɢɹ

1.Garrow, J.S. and James, W.P.T. (eds). 1993. Human Nutrition and Dietetics. Edinburgh, Churchill Livingstone

2.MAFF. 1995 Manual of Nutrition. London HMSO

3.James, W.P.T. 1988. Healthy Nutrition: preventing nutrition-related disease in Europe. Copenhagen, WHO Regional Office for Europe.

4.Rose, G. 1992. The Strategy of Preventive Medicine. Oxford, Oxford University Press.

5.WHO Study Group. 1990. Diet, Nutrition and the Prevention of Chronic Diseases. WHO Technical Report Series 797, 1990, WHO Geneva.

6.National Research Council (US), Committee on Diet and Health. 1989. Diet and Health: Implications for reducing chronic disease risk. Washington DC, National Academy Press.

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