Материал: Руководство ВОЗ по питанию женщин

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ɍɱɟɛɧɵɣ ɤɭɪɫ “Ɂɞɨɪɨɜɚɹ ɩɢɳɚ ɢ ɩɢɬɚɧɢɟ ɠɟɧɳɢɧ ɢ ɢɯ ɫɟɦɟɣ”

ɚɛɫɨɪɛɢɪɭɟɦɨɝɨ ɢɡ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɥɹɟɦɨɣ ɩɢɳɢ, ɞɥɹ ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɹ ɭɪɨɜɧɟɣ ɤɚɥɶɰɢɹ ɜ ɫɵɜɨɪɨɬɤɟ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɦ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶ ɟɝɨ ɪɟɡɟɪɜɵ, ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɳɢɟɫɹ ɜ ɤɨɫɬɹɯ. Ɍɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɝɨɪɦɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦɵ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɨɱɟɧɶ ɬɨɱɧɨ ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɭɸɬ ɭɪɨɜɧɢ ɤɚɥɶɰɢɹ ɜ ɫɵɜɨɪɨɬɤɟ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɪɟɡɨɪɛɰɢɸ ɤɨɫɬɟɣ, ɢɧɨɝɞɚ ɞɨɫɬɢɝɚɸɬ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɡɚ ɫɱɟɬ ɩɨɬɟɪɢ ɤɨɫɬɧɨɣ ɦɚɫɫɵ, ɱɬɨ ɜ ɤɨɧɟɱɧɨɦ ɢɬɨɝɟ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɩɪɢɜɟɫɬɢ ɤ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɸ ɨɫɬɟɨɩɨɪɨɡɚ ɭ ɩɨɠɢɥɵɯ ɥɸɞɟɣ ɢɥɢ ɤ ɡɚɦɟɞɥɟɧɢɸ ɪɨɫɬɚ ɭ ɦɚɥɟɧɶɤɢɯ ɞɟɬɟɣ.

Ɋɚɯɢɬɢɨɫɬɟɨɦɚɥɹɰɢɹɨɬɥɢɱɚɸɬɫɹɨɬɨɫɬɟɨɩɨɪɨɡɚɬɟɦ, ɱɬɨɢɯɩɪɢɱɢɧɨɣɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹɩɪɟɠɞɟ ɜɫɟɝɨɧɟɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨɫɬɶɜɢɬɚɦɢɧɚD, ɞɟɥɚɸɳɚɹɧɟɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɣɚɛɫɨɪɛɰɢɸɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨɝɨ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɚɤɚɥɶɰɢɹ. ɗɬɨɢɦɟɟɬɦɟɫɬɨɫɪɟɞɢɦɨɥɨɞɵɯɥɸɞɟɣɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɯɪɚɫɢɫɪɟɞɢɩɨɠɢɥɵɯ, ɧɚ ɤɨɠɭɤɨɬɨɪɵɯɧɟɩɨɩɚɞɚɟɬɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨɫɨɥɧɟɱɧɨɝɨɫɜɟɬɚ, ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨɝɨɞɥɹɫɬɢɦɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɜɵɪɚɛɨɬɤɢɜɢɬɚɦɢɧɚD ɢɡɟɝɨɩɪɟɞɲɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɢɤɨɜɜɤɨɠɧɵɯɩɨɤɪɨɜɚɯ. ɉɪɢɱɢɧɵɩɪɨɝɪɟɫɫɢɜɧɨɣ ɩɨɬɟɪɢɤɨɫɬɧɨɣɦɚɫɫɵɩɪɢɨɫɬɟɨɩɨɪɨɡɟɜɫɟɟɳɟɧɟɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɵ, ɯɨɬɹɭɠɟɜɵɹɜɥɟɧɨɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɡɚɞɟɣɫɬɜɨɜɚɧɧɵɯɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɜ(ɫɦ. ɬɚɛɥ. 16). ɉɨɬɟɪɹɤɨɫɬɧɨɣɦɚɫɫɵɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬɩɪɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɜɨ ɜɫɟɯɫɥɭɱɚɹɯɩɨɫɥɟɬɨɝɨ, ɤɚɤɷɬɨɬɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɶɞɨɫɬɢɝɫɜɨɟɝɨɩɢɤɚɜɫɤɨɪɟɩɨɫɥɟɞɨɫɬɢɠɟɧɢɹ30ɥɟɬɧɟɝɨɜɨɡɪɚɫɬɚɢ, ɩɨ-ɜɢɞɢɦɨɦɭ, ɭɫɤɨɪɹɟɬɫɹɭɠɟɧɳɢɧɜɩɨɫɬɦɟɧɨɩɚɭɡɟ. ȼɦɟɫɬɟɫɬɟɦɹɫɧɨ, ɱɬɨ ɥɸɞɢ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟɧɚɪɚɫɬɢɥɢɛɨɥɶɲɭɸɤɨɫɬɧɭɸɦɚɫɫɭɜɧɚɱɚɥɟɠɢɡɧɢ, ɛɭɞɭɬɜɦɟɧɶɲɟɣɫɬɟɩɟɧɢ ɫɬɪɚɞɚɬɶɨɬɩɨɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɣɧɟɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨɣɤɪɟɩɨɫɬɢɤɨɫɬɟɣɜɩɨɠɢɥɨɦɜɨɡɪɚɫɬɟ.

Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 16. Ɏɚɤɬɨɪɵ, ɜɥɢɹɸɳɢɟ ɧɚ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɶ ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬɧɨɣ ɩɨɬɟɪɢ ɤɨɫɬɧɨɣ ɦɚɫɫɵ

Ɏɚɤɬɨɪɵ, ɭɜɟɥɢɱɢɜɚɸɳɢɟ ɩɨɬɟɪɸ

Ɏɚɤɬɨɪɵ, ɭɦɟɧɶɲɚɸɳɢɟ ɩɨɬɟɪɸ

ɇɟɩɨɞɜɢɠɧɨɫɬɶ

Ɏɢɡɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ

ɇɢɡɤɢɣ ɭɪɨɜɟɧɶ ɩɨɥɨɜɵɯ ɝɨɪɦɨɧɨɜ (ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨ ɭɠɟɧɳɢɧ)

Ɂɚɦɟɫɬɢɬɟɥɶɧɚɹ ɝɨɪɦɨɧɨɬɟɪɚɩɢɹ

ɏɭɞɨɛɚ

Ɉɠɢɪɟɧɢɟ

Ʉɭɪɟɧɢɟ ɫɢɝɚɪɟɬ

Ȼɟɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɢ ɥɚɤɬɚɰɢɹ

ɑɪɟɡɦɟɪɧɨɟ ɭɩɨɬɪɟɛɥɟɧɢɟ ɚɥɤɨɝɨɥɹ

Ⱦɨɛɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɤɚɥɶɰɢɹ ɜ ɩɢɳɭ ???

ɇɟɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɚɹ ɚɛɫɨɪɛɰɢɹ ɤɚɥɶɰɢɹ ɜ ɤɢɲɟɱɧɢɤɟ

 

ɇɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɡɚɛɨɥɟɜɚɧɢɹ

 

 

 

8.3 ȼɨɞɚ

ȼɨɞɚ, ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ, ɩɨ-ɜɢɞɢɦɨɦɭ, ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɜɚɠɧɵɦ ɢɡ ɜɫɟɯ ɩɢɬɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ, ɩɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭɩɪɨɠɢɬɶ ɛɟɡ ɜɨɞɵ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɥɢɲɶ ɤɨɪɨɬɤɢɣ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ – ɜ ɥɭɱɲɟɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɞɧɟɣ. ɗɬɨ ɨɛɴɹɫɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɬɟɦ, ɱɬɨ ɛɟɡ ɚɞɟɤɜɚɬɧɨɝɨ ɭɪɨɜɧɹ ɦɨɱɟɢɫɩɭɫɤɚɧɢɹ ɜ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɦɟ ɛɭɞɭɬ ɧɚɤɚɩɥɢɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɵ ɜɵɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ; ɛɨɥɟɟ ɬɨɝɨ, ɛɟɡ ɩɨɬɟɪɢ ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɢ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɦ ɧɟ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɟɧ ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɬɟɩɥɨɨɛɦɟɧ. Ɇɵ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɩɨɥɭɱɚɬɶ ɜɨɞɭɢɡ ɧɚɩɢɬɤɨɜ ɢ ɩɢɳɟɜɵɯ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɨɜ. Ʉɪɨɦɟ ɬɨɝɨ, ɧɚɲ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɦ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɜɵɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɬɶ ɟɟ ɜ ɫɜɨɢɯ ɤɥɟɬɤɚɯ ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɦɟɬɚɛɨɥɢɡɦɚ (ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɪɚɡɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ) ɠɢɪɨɜ, ɚɥɤɨɝɨɥɹ, ɛɟɥɤɨɜ ɢ ɭɝɥɟɜɨɞɨɜ. ȼɨɞɚ, ɩɨɫɬɭɩɚɸɳɚɹ ɜ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɦ ɫ ɩɢɳɟɣ, ɨɛɵɱɧɨ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɟɬ ɭɞɨɜɥɟɬɜɨɪɟɧɢɟ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɩɨɥɨɜɢɧɵ ɧɚɲɢɯ ɟɠɟɞɧɟɜɧɵɯ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɜ ɜɨɞɟ. ɑɟɦ ɛɨɥɶɲɟ ɜɨɞɵ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɢɬ ɩɢɳɟɜɨɣ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬ, ɬɟɦ ɦɟɧɟɟ ɷɧɟɪɝɨɟɦɤɢɦ ɨɧ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ , ɬ.ɟ. ɛɨɝɚɬɵɟ ɜɨɞɨɣ ɩɢɳɟɜɵɟ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɵ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɬ ɦɟɧɶɲɟɟ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɤɢɥɨɞɠɨɭɥɟɣ ɧɚ 100 ɝ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɚ.

ɉɨɬɪɟɛɧɨɫɬɶ ɜ ɜɨɞɟ ɜɨ ɦɧɨɝɨɦ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɨɤɪɭɠɚɸɳɢɦɢ ɧɚɫ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɦɢ. Ɍɚɤ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɜ ɠɚɪɤɨɦ ɤɥɢɦɚɬɟ ɦɵ ɬɟɪɹɟɦ ɛɨɥɶɲɟɟ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɜɨɞɵ – ɤɚɤ ɫ ɩɨɬɨɦ, ɬɚɤ ɢ ɫ ɜɵɞɵɯɚɟɦɵɦ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɨɦ.

Ɉɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɢɟ ɞɨɥɠɧɨɝɨ ɝɢɝɢɟɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɜɨɞɧɵɯ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɨɜ ɜɨ ɦɧɨɝɨɦ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɫɬɜɨɜɚɥɨ ɭɥɭɱɲɟɧɢɸ ɡɞɨɪɨɜɶɹ ɥɸɞɟɣ. ȼ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɟɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɮɬɨɪɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɜɨɞɵ ɜ

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ɍɱɟɛɧɵɣ ɤɭɪɫ “Ɂɞɨɪɨɜɚɹ ɩɢɳɚ ɢ ɩɢɬɚɧɢɟ ɠɟɧɳɢɧ ɢ ɢɯ ɫɟɦɟɣ”

ɪɚɣɨɧɚɯ, ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɜɨɞɧɵɟ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɢ ɛɟɞɧɵ ɫɨɥɹɦɢ ɮɬɨɪɚ, ɩɨɡɜɨɥɢɥɨ ɭɦɟɧɶɲɢɬɶ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɢ ɤɚɪɢɟɫɚ ɡɭɛɨɜ. ɋɩɟɰɢɚɥɢɫɬɵ ɩɨ ɩɢɬɚɧɢɸ ɪɟɤɨɦɟɧɞɭɸɬ ɥɸɞɹɦ ɩɢɬɶ ɜɨɞɭ, ɩɪɟɞɩɨɱɢɬɚɹ ɟɟ ɞɪɭɝɢɦ ɧɚɩɢɬɤɚɦ, ɢ ɩɢɬɶ ɟɟ ɜ ɚɞɟɤɜɚɬɧɵɯ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɚɯ ɜ ɫɭɯɭɸ ɢ ɠɚɪɤɭɸ ɩɨɝɨɞɭ ɢ ɩɪɢ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɢ ɮɢɡɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ. ɉɪɢ ɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨɦ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɥɟɧɢɢ ɜɨɞɵ ɜɚɦ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɦɟɧɶɲɟ ɯɨɬɟɬɶɫɹ ɜɵɩɢɬɶ ɫɩɢɪɬɧɨɝɨ, ɤɨɮɟ ɢɥɢ ɢɧɵɯ ɧɚɩɢɬɤɨɜ ɢ, ɜɟɪɨɹɬɧɨ, ɜɚɦ ɞɚɠɟ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɦɟɧɶɲɟ ɯɨɬɟɬɶɫɹ ɟɫɬɶ. Ʉɪɨɦɟ ɬɨɝɨ, ɛɥɚɝɨɞɚɪɹ ɷɬɨɦɭ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɚɬɫɹ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɟ ɮɬɨɪɚ ɜ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɦ ɢ ɨɛɴɟɦ ɦɨɱɟɨɬɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ, ɚ ɪɢɫɤ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɩɨɱɟɱɧɵɯ ɤɚɦɧɟɣ ɫɧɢɡɢɬɫɹ.

ɉɪɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɧɟɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨ ɩɢɬɶ ɫɥɢɲɤɨɦ ɦɧɨɝɨ ɜɨɞɵ. Ɉɪɝɚɧɢɡɦ ɤɨɦɩɟɧɫɢɪɭɟɬ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɧɨɟ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɟ ɜɨɞɵ, ɭɜɟɥɢɱɢɜɚɹ ɟɟ ɜɵɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ ɫ ɦɨɱɨɣ. Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ ɜ ɪɹɞɟ ɩɚɬɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɣ ɜɨɞɚ ɜɫɟ ɠɟ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɚɤɤɭɦɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɜ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɦɟ. ɂɧɨɝɞɚ – ɢɡ-ɡɚ ɩɫɢɯɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɩɪɢɱɢɧ – ɧɚɛɥɸɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɢɡɥɢɲɧɟɟ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɥɟɧɢɟ ɜɨɞɵ.

Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 17. ɉɨɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɟ ɜɨɞɵ ɜ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɦ

ɂɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɢ ɜɨɞɵ

Ɏɭɧɤɰɢɢ

ɗɮɮɟɤɬ ɫɥɢɲɤɨɦ ɦɚɥɨɝɨ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɹ ɜɨɞɵ

 

 

 

ȼɫɟ ɧɚɩɢɬɤɢ ɢ

ȼɨɞɚ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɢɬɟɥɟɦ ɞɥɹ

Ɉɳɭɳɟɧɢɟ ɠɚɠɞɵ ɧɚ ɩɟɪɜɨɦ ɷɬɚɩɟ; ɞɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ

ɠɢɞɤɢɟ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɵ

ɦɧɨɝɢɯ ɠɢɡɧɟɧɧɨ ɜɚɠɧɵɯ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ

ɧɟɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɤ ɜɨɞɵ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɢɬ ɤ ɨɛɟɡɜɨɠɢɜɚɧɢɸ

ɩɢɬɚɧɢɹ, ɮɪɭɤɬɵ ɢ

(ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɧɚɬɪɢɹ, ɝɥɸɤɨɡɵ);

ɬɤɚɧɟɣ ɢ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɫɬɚɬɶ ɩɪɢɱɢɧɨɣ ɫɦɟɪɬɢ; ɟɫɥɢ

ɨɜɨɳɢ

ɩɟɪɟɧɨɫɢɬ ɜ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɦɟ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɟ

ɫɥɚɞɤɢɟ ɢɥɢ ɫɩɢɪɬɧɵɟ ɧɚɩɢɬɤɢ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɥɹɸɬɫɹ

 

ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ (ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɤɢɫɥɨɪɨɞ ɜ

ɜɦɟɫɬɨ ɜɨɞɵ, ɬɨ ɷɬɨ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɩɪɢɜɟɫɬɢ ɤ

 

ɤɥɟɬɤɚɯ ɤɪɨɜɢ); ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɦɟɫɬɨɦ,

ɢɡɥɢɲɧɟɦɭɩɨɬɪɟɛɥɟɧɢɸ ɤɚɥɨɪɢɣ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɤ

 

ɝɞɟ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɨɛɦɟɧ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ

ɨɛɟɡɜɨɠɢɜɚɧɢɸ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɦɚ

 

 

 

Ȼɢɛɥɢɨɝɪɚɮɢɹ

1.Garrow, J.S. and James, W.P.T. (eds). 1993. Human Nutrition and Dietetics. Edinburgh, Churchill Livingstone

2.MAFF. 1995 Manual of Nutrition. London HMSO

3.James, W.P.T. 1988. Healthy Nutrition: preventing nutrition-related disease in Europe. Copenhagen, WHO Regional Office for Europe.

4.Rose, G. 1992. The Strategy of Preventive Medicine. Oxford, Oxford University Press.

5.WHO Study Group. 1990. Diet, Nutrition and the Prevention of Chronic Diseases. WHO Technical Report Series 797, 1990, WHO Geneva.

6.National Research Council (US), Committee on Diet and Health. 1989. Diet and Health: Implications for reducing chronic disease risk. Washington DC, National Academy Press.

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ȼɋȿɆɂɊɇȺə ɈɊȽȺɇɂɁȺɐɂə ɁȾɊȺȼɈɈɏɊȺɇȿɇɂə ȿɜɪɨɩɟɣɫɤɨɟ ɪɟɝɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɟ ɛɸɪɨ

Ȼɟɡɨɩɚɫɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɢɬɚɧɢɹ ɢ ɩɢɳɟɜɵɯ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɨɜ

Ɂɞɨɪɨɜɨɟ ɩɢɬɚɧɢɟ ɜɨ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɛɟɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɝɪɭɞɧɨɝɨ ɜɫɤɚɪɦɥɢɜɚɧɢɹ

ɉɨɫɨɛɢɟ ɞɥɹ ɦɚɬɟɪɟɣ

2001 ɝ.

EUR/01/5028598

ɈɊɂȽɂɇȺɅ: ȺɇȽɅɂɃɋɄɂɃ

ɇȿɈɌɊȿȾȺɄɌɂɊɈȼȺɇɇɕɃ ȼȺɊɂȺɇɌ. E73182R

Ɋɟɡɸɦɟ

ȼ ɞɚɧɧɨɣ ɛɪɨɲɸɪɟ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɢɬɫɹ ɩɪɟɞɧɚɡɧɚɱɟɧɧɚɹ ɞɥɹ ɦɚɬɟɪɟɣ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɹ ɨ ɬɨɦ, ɱɬɨ ɢɦ ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɟɫɬɶ ɜɨ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɛɟɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɥɚɤɬɚɰɢɢ. Ɂɞɨɪɨɜɵɟ ɪɚɰɢɨɧ ɢ ɪɟɠɢɦ ɩɢɬɚɧɢɹ ɱɪɟɡɜɵɱɚɣɧɨ ɜɚɠɧɵ ɜ ɷɬɨɬ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ, ɢ ɜ ɩɭɛɥɢɤɚɰɢɢ ɫɨɨɛɳɚɟɬɫɹ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɹ ɨ ɩɢɳɟɜɵɯ ɝɪɭɩɩɚɯ ɢ ɩɨɪɰɢɹɯ. Ʉɪɨɦɟ ɬɨɝɨ, ɭɩɨɦɢɧɚɸɬɫɹ ɜɫɬɪɟɱɚɸɳɢɟɫɹ ɜ ɯɨɞɟ ɛɟɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɵ, ɨɛɭɫɥɨɜɥɟɧɧɵɟ ɩɢɬɚɧɢɟɦ.

© ȼɫɟɦɢɪɧɚɹ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɹ ɡɞɪɚɜɨɨɯɪɚɧɟɧɢɹ – 2001 ɝ.

ȿɜɪɨɩɟɣɫɤɨɟ ɪɟɝɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɟ ɛɸɪɨ ȼɈɁ ɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɡɚ ɫɨɛɨɣ ɜɫɟ ɩɪɚɜɚ, ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɵɟ ɫ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɢɦ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɨɦ. Ɍɟɦ ɧɟ ɦɟɧɟɟ ɟɝɨ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɫɜɨɛɨɞɧɨ ɪɟɰɟɧɡɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ, ɪɟɮɟɪɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ, ɜɨɫɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɶ ɢɥɢ ɩɟɪɟɜɨɞɢɬɶ ɧɚ ɥɸɛɨɣ ɞɪɭɝɨɣ ɹɡɵɤ ɩɪɢ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɢ, ɱɬɨ ɩɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɫɞɟɥɚɧɚ ɫɫɵɥɤɚ ɧɚ ɢɫɯɨɞɧɵɣ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬ (ɧɟ ɪɚɡɪɟɲɚɟɬɫɹ ɥɢɲɶ ɩɪɨɞɚɠɚ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɚ ɥɢɛɨ ɢɧɨɟ ɟɝɨ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɜ ɤɨɦɦɟɪɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɰɟɥɹɯ). ɑɬɨ ɤɚɫɚɟɬɫɹ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɷɦɛɥɟɦɵ ȼɈɁ, ɬɨ ɪɚɡɪɟɲɟɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɷɬɨ ɞɨɥɠɧɨ ɛɵɬɶ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɨ ɨɬ ȿɜɪɨɩɟɣɫɤɨɝɨ ɪɟɝɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɛɸɪɨ ȼɈɁ. Ʌɸɛɨɣ ɩɟɪɟɜɨɞ ɞɨɥɠɟɧ ɜɤɥɸɱɚɬɶ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɟ ɫɥɨɜɚ: ɉɟɪɟɜɨɞɱɢɤ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɝɨ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɚ ɧɟɫɟɬ ɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɡɚ ɬɨɱɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɟɪɟɜɨɞɚ. Ɋɟɝɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɟ ɛɸɪɨ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ, ɟɫɥɢ ɟɦɭ ɛɭɞɭɬ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɵ ɬɪɢ ɷɤɡɟɦɩɥɹɪɚ ɥɸɛɨɝɨ ɩɟɪɟɜɨɞɚ ɞɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɚ. ȼɫɸ ɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɡɚ ɥɸɛɵɟ ɜɡɝɥɹɞɵ, ɜɵɪɚɠɟɧɧɵɟ ɚɜɬɨɪɚɦɢ ɜ ɞɚɧɧɨɦ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɟ, ɧɟɫɭɬ ɫɚɦɢ ɚɜɬɨɪɵ.

2

Ɂɞɨɪɨɜɨɟ ɩɢɬɚɧɢɟ ɜɨ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɛɟɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɝɪɭɞɧɨɝɨ ɜɫɤɚɪɦɥɢɜɚɧɢɹ

______________________________________________________________________

ȼɵɪɚɠɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ

Ⱦɚɧɧɨɟ ɭɱɟɛɧɨɟ ɩɨɫɨɛɢɟ ɛɵɥɨ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɚɧɨ ɜ ɫɨɬɪɭɞɧɢɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɫ ɘɇɂɋȿɎ. Ɇɵ ɜɵɪɚɠɚɟɦ ɝɥɭɛɨɤɭɸ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ Ɉɥɟɝɭ Ȼɟɥɭɯɚ (Cornell University, Ithaca, ɋɒȺ) ɡɚ ɪɚɛɨɬɭ ɧɚɞ ɚɧɝɥɢɣɫɤɨɣ ɢ ɪɭɫɫɤɨɣ ɜɟɪɫɢɹɦɢ ɞɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɭɱɟɛɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɫɨɛɢɹ.

ɋɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟ

ɋɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟ

3

ȼɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɟ

4

ɉɥɚɰɟɧɬɚ ɩɪɢɧɨɫɢɬ ɠɢɡɧɶ ȼɚɲɟɦɭɪɟɛɟɧɤɭ:

5

Ɂɞɨɪɨɜɨɟ ɩɢɬɚɧɢɟ - ɱɬɨ ɷɬɨ ɡɧɚɱɢɬ?

5

ɉɢɳɟɜɵɟ ɝɪɭɩɩɵ

6

Ʉɚɤ ɧɚɫɱɟɬ ɩɨɥɢɜɢɬɚɦɢɧɧɵɯ ɩɪɟɩɚɪɚɬɨɜ?

14

Ʉɚɤ ɧɚɫɱɟɬ ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɟɣ?

14

ɇɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɩɨɜɪɟɞɢɬɶ ɜɚɲɟɦɭɪɟɛɟɧɤɭ

14

ɋɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɜɟɫɚ ȼɵ ɩɪɢɛɚɜɢɬɟ ɡɚ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɛɟɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ?

15

Ʉɚɤ ɛɨɪɨɬɶɫɹ ɫ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɚɦɢ, ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɵɦɢ ɫ ɩɪɢɟɦɨɦ ɩɢɳɢ ɜɨ

16

ɜɪɟɦɹ ɛɟɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ

ɋɨɜɟɬɵ ɩɨ ɭɫɩɟɲɧɨɦɭɝɪɭɞɧɨɦɭɜɫɤɚɪɦɥɢɜɚɧɢɸ

18

Ɂɞɨɪɨɜɨɟ ɩɢɬɚɧɢɟ ɠɟɧɳɢɧɵ ɜɨ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɝɪɭɞɧɨɝɨ ɜɫɤɚɪɦɥɢɜɚɧɢɹ

19

ɋɨɜɟɬɵ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɩɪɢɝɨɬɨɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɩɢɳɢ ɢ ɩɢɳɟɜɨɣ ɝɢɝɢɟɧɵ

21

3