Материал: Руководство ВОЗ по питанию женщин
ɍɱɟɛɧɵɣ ɤɭɪɫ “Ɂɞɨɪɨɜɚɹ ɩɢɳɚ ɢ ɩɢɬɚɧɢɟ ɠɟɧɳɢɧ ɢ ɢɯ ɫɟɦɟɣ”
ȿɫɥɢ ɩɢɳɚ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɫɹ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɱɟɦ ɤ ɨɞɧɨɣ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɢ, ɨɬɦɟɬɶɬɟ ɡɧɚɤɨɦ " " ɜɫɟ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɟ ɝɪɭɩɩɵ. ɇɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɦɚɤɚɪɨɧɵ ɫ ɫɵɪɨɦ ɨɬɧɨɫɹɬɫɹ ɤ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɹɦ: "ɦɨɥɨɤɨ ɢ ɦɨɥɨɱɧɵɟ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɵ", "ɦɹɫɨ ɢ ɡɚɦɟɧɢɬɟɥɢ", ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ "ɯɥɟɛ ɢ ɤɪɭɩɵ".
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ɍɱɟɛɧɵɣ ɤɭɪɫ “Ɂɞɨɪɨɜɚɹ ɩɢɳɚ ɢ ɩɢɬɚɧɢɟ ɠɟɧɳɢɧ ɢ ɢɯ ɫɟɦɟɣ”
ɉɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ B: Ɋɟɤɨɦɟɧɞɭɟɦɵɟ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɵ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɥɟɧɢɹ ɩɢɬɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ
Ɋɭɤɨɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ
ɉɨɞɝɨɬɨɜɥɟɧɨ ɞɥɹ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɡɞɪɚɜɨɨɯɪɚɧɟɧɢɹ
Jenny Salmon
© Crown copyright 2001.
First published in the United Kingdom by the Department of Health. Reproduced by permission of the Controller of Her Majesty’s Stationery Office.
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ɍɱɟɛɧɵɣ ɤɭɪɫ “Ɂɞɨɪɨɜɚɹ ɩɢɳɚ ɢ ɩɢɬɚɧɢɟ ɠɟɧɳɢɧ ɢ ɢɯ ɫɟɦɟɣ”
ɋɈȾȿɊɀȺɇɂȿ |
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ɋɬɪ. |
ȼɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ................................................................................................................................................... |
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ɇɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨɫɬɶ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɱɟɦ ɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɚ........................................................................................ |
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Ʉɚɤ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɬɶ ɪɟɤɨɦɟɧɞɭɟɦɵɟ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɵ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɥɟɧɢɹ ɩɢɳɟɜɵɯ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ...................................... |
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ɉɪɟɞɨɫɬɟɪɟɠɟɧɢɟ..................................................................................................................................... |
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ȼɵɜɨɞɵ ɝɪɭɩɩɵ ɷɤɫɩɟɪɬɨɜ ..................................................................................................................... |
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ɗɧɟɪɝɢɹ..................................................................................................................................................... |
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Ȼɟɥɤɢ ...................................................................................................................................................... |
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ɀɢɪɵ ɢ ɠɢɪɧɵɟ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɵ........................................................................................................................ |
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ɋɚɯɚɪɚ ɢ ɤɪɚɯɦɚɥɵ.................................................................................................................................. |
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ɇɟɤɪɚɯɦɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɩɨɥɢɫɚɯɚɪɢɞɵ.............................................................................................................. |
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ȼɢɬɚɦɢɧɵ................................................................................................................................................. |
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ȼɂɌȺɆɂɇ Ⱥ........................................................................................................................................... |
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ɌɂȺɆɂɇ (ȼɢɬɚɦɢɧ ȼ1).......................................................................................................................... |
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ɊɂȻɈɎɅȺȼɂɇ (ȼɢɬɚɦɢɧ ȼ2)................................................................................................................ |
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ɇɂȺɐɂɇ (ȼɢɬɚɦɢɧ ȼ3) .......................................................................................................................... |
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ȼɂɌȺɆɂɇ ȼ6 .......................................................................................................................................... |
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ȼɂɌȺɆɂɇ ȼ12......................................................................................................................................... |
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ɎɈɅȺɌɕ (ɫɨɥɢ ɮɨɥɢɟɜɨɣ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɵ)..................................................................................................... |
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ɉȺɇɌɈɌȿɇɈȼȺə ɄɂɋɅɈɌȺ.............................................................................................................. |
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ȻɂɈɌɂɇ................................................................................................................................................... |
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ȼɂɌȺɆɂɇ ɋ........................................................................................................................................... |
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ȼɂɌȺɆɂɇ D........................................................................................................................................... |
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ȼɂɌȺɆɂɇ ȿ........................................................................................................................................... |
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ȼɂɌȺɆɂɇ Ʉ........................................................................................................................................... |
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ȾɊɍȽɂȿ ɈɊȽȺɇɂɑȿɋɄɂȿ ɋɈȿȾɂɇȿɇɂə....................................................................................... |
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Ɇɢɧɟɪɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ .......................................................................................................................... |
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ɄȺɅɖɐɂɃ (1 ɦɦɨɥɶ = 40 ɦɝ)................................................................................................................. |
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ɎɈɋɎɈɊ (1 ɦɦɨɥɶ = 30,9 ɦɝ) ................................................................................................................ |
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ɆȺȽɇɂɃ (1 ɦɦɨɥɶ = 24,3 ɦɝ)................................................................................................................ |
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ɀȿɅȿɁɈ (1 ɦɦɨɥɶ = 56 ɦɝ).................................................................................................................... |
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ɐɂɇɄ (1 ɦɦɨɥɶ = 65 ɦɝ)......................................................................................................................... |
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ɇȺɌɊɂɃ (1 ɦɦɨɥɶ = 23 ɦɝ).................................................................................................................... |
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ɄȺɅɂɃ (1 ɦɦɨɥɶ = 39,1 ɦɝ) ................................................................................................................... |
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ɏɅɈɊ (1 ɦɦɨɥɶ = 35,5 ɦɝ) ɧɚɞɨ ɭɬɨɱɧɢɬɶ ɭɋɚɲɢ: ɜ ɚɧɝɥ. ɢɞɟɬ ɪɟɱɶ ɨ ɯɥɨɪɢɞɚɯ............................ |
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ɆȿȾɖ (1 ɦɤɦɨɥɶ = 63,5 ɦɤɝ) .................................................................................................................. |
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ɃɈȾ (1 ɦɤɦɨɥɶ = 127 ɦɤɝ)...................................................................................................................... |
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ɋȿɅȿɇ (1 ɦɤɦɨɥɶ = 79 ɦɤɝ)................................................................................................................... |
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ȾɊɍȽɂȿ ɆɂɇȿɊȺɅɖɇɕȿ ȼȿɓȿɋɌȼȺ............................................................................................. |
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ɋɩɢɫɨɤ ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ................................................................................................................................. |
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ɋɥɨɜɚɪɶ ɬɟɪɦɢɧɨɜ ɢ ɨɛɳɟɩɪɢɧɹɬɵɯ ɫɨɤɪɚɳɟɧɢɣ................................................................................ |
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Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɵ ɢ ɪɢɫɭɧɤɢ ................................................................................................................................. |
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WHO Training Course on Healthy Food and Nutrition for Women and their Families
ɍɱɟɛɧɵɣ ɤɭɪɫ “Ɂɞɨɪɨɜɚɹ ɩɢɳɚ ɢ ɩɢɬɚɧɢɟ ɠɟɧɳɢɧ ɢ ɢɯ ɫɟɦɟɣ”
ȼɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ
ɉɨɬɪɟɛɥɟɧɢɟ ɤɚɤɨɝɨ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɤɚɥɨɪɢɣ ɧɟ ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɬ ɤ ɩɨɹɜɥɟɧɢɸ ɢɡɛɵɬɨɱɧɨɝɨ
ɜɟɫɚ?
ɍɜɟɥɢɱɢɬɫɹ ɥɢ ɪɢɫɤ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɧɨɜɟɧɢɹ ɫɟɪɞɟɱɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɫɬɭɩɚ ɭ ɬɨɥɤɚɬɟɥɹ ɹɞɪɚ ɪɨɫɬɨɦ 180 ɫɦ, ɟɫɥɢ ɨɧ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɥɹɬɶ 140 ɝ ɠɢɪɨɜ ɜ ɞɟɧɶ?
Ʉɚɤɨɜɚ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɧɨɫɬɶ ɜ ɜɢɬɚɦɢɧɟ ɋ ɭɲɟɫɬɢɥɟɬɧɟɝɨ ɪɟɛɟɧɤɚ?
ɂɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɩɢɬɚɧɢɹ ɫɬɭɞɟɧɬɨɜ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɥɨ, ɱɬɨ ɨɧɢ ɭɩɨɬɪɟɛɥɹɸɬ ɜ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɦ 20 ɝ ɩɢɳɟɜɨɣ ɤɥɟɬɱɚɬɤɢ ɜ ɞɟɧɶ. Ⱦɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨ ɥɢ ɷɬɨɝɨ?
ɇɚ ɜɫɟ ɷɬɢ ɢ ɦɧɨɝɢɟ ɞɪɭɝɢɟ ɩɨɞɨɛɧɵɟ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɵ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɨɬɜɟɬɢɬɶ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɩɪɢ ɧɚɥɢɱɢɢ ɤɚɤɨɝɨ-ɬɨ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɚ. ɗɬɨɬ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬ ɦɨɝ ɛɵ ɞɚɬɶ ɨɬɜɟɬɵ ɧɚ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɵ ɬɢɩɚ “Ʉɚɤɨɜɚ ɦɨɹ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɧɨɫɬɶ”? ɋɬɚɧɞɚɪɬ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɥ ɛɵ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɭɢɡɦɟɪɟɧɢɹ, ɫɨɝɥɚɫɧɨ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɛɵɥɨ ɛɵ ɨɰɟɧɢɜɚɬɶ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɥɟɧɢɟ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ ɢɧɞɢɜɢɞɭɭɦɚɦɢ ɢ ɞɚɜɚɬɶ ɨɬɜɟɬɵ ɧɚ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɵ ɬɢɩɚ “Ⱦɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨ ɥɢ ɷɬɨɝɨ?”
ȼɫɟ ɷɬɨ ɡɜɭɱɢɬ ɞɨɜɨɥɶɧɨ ɩɪɨɫɬɨ, ɧɨ ɷɬɨ ɧɟ ɬɚɤ. ɂɦɟɧɧɨ ɢɡ-ɡɚ ɷɬɨɣ ɤɚɠɭɳɟɣɫɹ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɬɵ ɢɦɟɥɨ ɦɟɫɬɨ ɨɱɟɧɶ ɦɧɨɝɨ ɧɟɩɪɚɜɢɥɶɧɵɯ ɬɨɥɤɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɷɤɫɩɟɪɢɦɟɧɬɨɜ, ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɵɯ ɫ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɩɢɬɚɧɢɹ.
“ɋɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɵ” ɜ ɮɨɪɦɟ Ɋɟɤɨɦɟɧɞɭɟɦɨɝɨ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɥɟɧɢɹ ɩɢɬɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ (Ɋɉɉȼ, 1969 ɝ.) ɢ Ɋɟɤɨɦɟɧɞɭɟɦɨɝɨ ɫɭɬɨɱɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɥɟɧɢɹ ɩɢɳɟɜɨɣ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɢ ɢ ɩɢɬɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ (Ɋɋɉ, 1979 ɝ.) ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɜ ȼɟɥɢɤɨɛɪɢɬɚɧɢɢ ɜ ɬɟɱɟɧɢɟ ɛɨɥɟɟ 30 ɥɟɬ. Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɥɸɞɟɣ, ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɜɲɢɯ ɷɬɢ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɵ, ɧɟ ɜɫɟɝɞɚ ɩɨɧɢɦɚɥɚ, ɤɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ ɨɧɢ ɛɵɥɢ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɵ, ɢɯ ɩɪɟɞɧɚɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɢ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɶ ɬɨɱɧɨɫɬɢ ɢɯ ɩɪɟɞɩɢɫɚɧɢɣ. ɗɬɢ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɵ ɱɚɫɬɨ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɥɢɫɶ ɧɟɩɪɚɜɢɥɶɧɨ ɩɪɢ ɨɰɟɧɤɟ ɚɞɟɤɜɚɬɧɨɫɬɢ ɞɢɟɬɵ ɢɧɞɢɜɢɞɭɭɦɚ.
Ⱦɥɹ ɬɨɝɨ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɩɪɟɨɞɨɥɟɬɶ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɤɭɧɟɩɪɚɜɢɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɨɜ ɢ ɭɫɨɜɟɪɲɟɧɫɬɜɨɜɚɬɶ ɢɯ ɜ ɫɜɟɬɟ ɧɨɜɟɣɲɟɣ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ ɨ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɧɨɫɬɹɯ ɜ ɩɢɬɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚɯ, ɝɥɚɜɧɵɣ ɦɟɞɢɰɢɧɫɤɢɣ ɫɨɜɟɬɧɢɤ ȼɟɥɢɤɨɛɪɢɬɚɧɢɢ ɨɛɪɚɬɢɥɫɹ ɤ Ʉɨɦɢɫɫɢɢ ɩɨ ɦɟɞɢɰɢɧɫɤɢɦ ɚɫɩɟɤɬɚɦ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɢ ɜ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɩɢɬɚɧɢɹ (ɋOMA) ɫ ɩɪɟɞɩɢɫɚɧɢɟɦ ɨ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɢ ɝɪɭɩɩɵ ɷɤɫɩɟɪɬɨɜ ɩɨ ɞɚɧɧɨɣ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɟ. Ƚɪɭɩɩɚ ɷɤɫɩɟɪɬɨɜ ɩɨɞɝɨɬɨɜɢɥɚ ɩɪɚɜɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɟɧɧɭɸ ɩɭɛɥɢɤɚɰɢɸ “ɉɢɳɟɜɵɟ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɵ ɩɨ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɧɨɫɬɢ ɜ ɩɢɳɟɜɨɣ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɢ ɢ ɩɢɬɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚɯ ɞɥɹ ȼɟɥɢɤɨɛɪɢɬɚɧɢɢ” (DH, 1991 ɝ.).
ȼ ɩɪɨɲɥɨɦ ɩɟɪɟɫɦɨɬɪɵ ɪɟɤɨɦɟɧɞɚɰɢɣ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɢɥɢɫɶ ɩɭɬɟɦ ɨɛɧɨɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɟɞɵɞɭɳɟɣ ɜɟɪɫɢɢ ɪɟɤɨɦɟɧɞɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧ. ɇɚ ɷɬɨɬ ɪɚɡ ɝɪɭɩɩɚ ɷɤɫɩɟɪɬɨɜ ɪɟɲɢɥɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɵɜɚɬɶ ɫɜɨɢ ɡɚɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɹ ɧɚ ɨɛɡɨɪɟ ɧɨɜɟɣɲɟɣ ɧɚɭɱɧɨɣ ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ, ɤɚɫɚɸɳɟɣɫɹ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ ɜ ɩɢɬɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚɯ ɢ ɧɨɪɦ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɥɟɧɢɹ.
ɉɨɥɧɵɣ ɨɬɱɟɬ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɢɬ ɪɟɡɸɦɟ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɨɜ ɧɚɭɱɧɵɯ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ, ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɝɪɭɩɩɚ ɷɤɫɩɟɪɬɨɜ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɚɥɚ ɫɜɨɢ ɪɟɤɨɦɟɧɞɚɰɢɢ, ɢ ɩɨɷɬɨɦɭɧɟɭɞɢɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ, ɱɬɨ ɜɟɫɶ ɨɬɱɟɬ ɡɚɧɢɦɚɟɬ ɛɨɥɟɟ 200 ɫɬɪɚɧɢɰ.
ɍɩɨɦɹɧɭɬɵɣ ɧɚɭɱɧɵɣ ɬɪɭɞ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫ ɞɥɹ ɬɟɯ, ɤɬɨ ɯɨɱɟɬ ɩɨɧɹɬɶ ɧɚɭɱɧɭɸ ɨɫɧɨɜɭɜɵɜɨɞɨɜ ɝɪɭɩɩɵ ɷɤɫɩɟɪɬɨɜ. ȼ ɢɞɟɚɥɟ, ɤɚɠɞɵɣ, ɧɭɠɞɚɸɳɢɣɫɹ ɜ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɪɟɤɨɦɟɧɞɭɟɦɵɯ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧ, ɞɨɥɠɟɧ ɛɵɥ ɛɵ ɩɪɨɱɢɬɚɬɶ ɩɨɥɧɵɣ ɨɬɱɟɬ. ɇɚɫɬɨɹɳɚɹ
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