Материал: Особенности перевода научно-популярных текстов

Лексические трансформации

Комплексные трансформации

Объясняется использование выше перечисленных трансформаций следующим образом: во-первых, отсутствие грамматических конструкций языка оригинала в языке перевода. Во-вторых, способность доступно передать информацию языка оригинала, разделяя сложные предложения исходного текста на несколько простых. В-третьих, возможность передать содержание текста, сохраняя адекватность и эквивалентность.

Кроме того, перевод данных статей требовал использования таких приемов, как транслитерация, транскрипция и калькирование. Транскрипция использовалась для перевода имен собственных:

Прием транслитерации использовался также при переводе имен и фамилий:

         Заключение

Подводя итоги проделанной работы, следует отметить, что перевод текстов научно-популярного подстиля имеет свои характерные особенности, как и любой другой текст, относящийся к иному подстилю, стилю и жанру.

В ходе работы мы пришли к выводу, что тексты научно-популярной тематики не допускают использования вольного перевода, так как содержат конкретные понятия, объяснения и описания исследований. Исключается и возможность дословного перевода, так как происходит нарушение смысла передаваемой информации, происходит искажение грамматического строя предложений, а также лексических значений. Избежать подобных нарушений помогает использование переводческих трансформаций. Научно-популярные тексты имеют особую лексику и грамматику. Однако не требуют от читателя особых знаний в той области, которой посвящена работа. Статьи предназначены для широко круга читателей разной возрастной категории. Кроме того тексты такой тематики могут иметь различный состав информации, не ограничиваясь только когнитивной типом.

Необходимо также сделать выводы из работы по конкретным текстам статей, представленных в курсовой работе. Цель - обосновать использование адекватной и частично дословной переводческих стратегий при переводе текстов «The funny business of laughter» и «LaughLab. The scientific search of the world's funniest joke. Final report» - была достигнута. Поставленные во введении задачи были выполнены.

Статьи «The funny business of laughter» и «LaughLab. The scientific search of the world's funniest joke. Final report» не обладают сложной научной терминологией, так как рассчитаны на массового читателя. Нет необходимости в учете гендерного фактора. Кроме того особенностью данных статей является различный состав информации. Помимо когнитивной, она выполняет также эстетическую и оперативную функции. При переводе данных статей использовалась адекватная переводческая стратегия с элементами дословного перевода отдельных словосочетаний, там где это было возможно и уместно. Тип перевода - адекватный с элементами дословного. Уровень эквивалентности по Комиссарову В. Н. - третий и четвертый (семантический и грамматический). Важной составляющей перевода являлось использование различных переводческих трансформаций - грамматические, лексические и комплексные, которые позволили в полной мере передать смысл содержания текстов с языка оригинала на язык перевода. Кроме того, при переводе встретились случаи, когда было необходимо использовать такие переводческие приемы, как калькирование, транслитерация и транскрипция. Преимущественно они требовались при переводе имен собственных. Следовательно, использовалась транформационная модель перевода.

В ходе работы пришлось прибегнуть к помощи различных словарей, как русскоязычных, так и иностранных. Также для выполнения подробного предперводческого анализа и лингво-переводческого комментария было необходимо ознакомиться с работами выдающихся исследователей в области перевода - Коммисарова В. Н. Алексеевой И. С. Щвейцера А. Д. и других, а также обратиться к некоторым иностранным источникам.

         Список использованной литературы

1. Алексеева И.С. Введение в переводоведение: Учебное пособие для студентов филологических и лингвистических факультетов высших учебных заведений/ И.С. Алексеева. - Изд. 4-е, стер. - СПб.: Факультет филологии и искусств СПбГУ; М.: Издательский центр «Академия», 2010. - 368 с.

. Аполлова М.А. Specific English (Грамматические трудности перевода): Учебное пособие/ М.А. Аполлова. - М.: Международные отношения, 1977. - 136с.

. Брандес М.П. Предпереводческий анализ текста: Учебное пособие для институтов и факультетов иностранных языков/ М.П. Брандес, В.И. Провоторов. - Изд. 3-е, стер. - М.: НВИ-ТЕЗАУРУС, 2001. - 224с.

. Клишин А.И. Практика перевода английских текстов: Пособие для всех/ А.И. Клишин. - СПБ.: Издательский дом «Андра», 2003. - 96с.

. Комиссаров В.Н. Теория перевода (лингвистические аспекты): Учебное пособие для институтов и факультетов иностранных языков/ В.Н. Комиссаров. - М.: Издательство «Высшая школа», 1999. - 253с.

. Комиссаров В.Н. Современное переводоведение: Учебное пособие/ В.Н. Комиссаров. - Изд. 2-е, испр. - М.: Р. Валент, 2011. - 408с.

. Левицкая Т.Р. Теория и практика перевода с английского языка на русский: Учебное пособие/ Т.Р. Левицкая, А.М. Фитерман - М.: Издательство литературы на иностранных языках, 1963. - 264с.

. Миньяр-Белоручев Р.К. Теория и методы перевода: Учебное пособие для студентов и преподавателей языковых факультетов и вузов/ Р.К. Миньяр-Белоручев. - М.: Московский Лицей, 1996. - 208с.

. Паршин. А.В. Теория и практика перевода: Учебное пособие/ А.В. Паршин. - СПБ.: СГУ, 2008. - 203с.

. Федоров А.В. Основы общей теории перевода (лингвистические проблемы): Учеб пособие для институтов и факультетов иностранных языков/ А.В. Федоров. - М.: Издательство «Филология Три», 2002. - 187с.

. Казакова. Т.А. Теория перевода (лингвистические аспекты): [Электронный ресурс]. - Режим доступа: http://samlib.ru/w/wagapow_a_s/kazakova.shtml. - (Дата обращения: 25.04.2015)

. Онлайн-словарь Slovar-Vocab. - Режим доступа: http://slovar-vocab.com. - (Дата обращения: 26.03.2015)

. Словарь медицинских терминов: [Электронный ресурс]. - Режим доступа: http://medicinskie-terminy.slovaronline.com. - (Дата обращения: 26.03.2015)

. Словарь синонимов английского языка Thesaurus: [Электронный ресурс]. - Режим доступа: http://www.thesaurus.com. - (Дата обращения: 16.04.2015)

. Электронный словарь Мультитран. - Режим доступа: http://www.multitran.ru/c/m.exe?a=1&SHL=2. - (Дата обращения: 21.04.2015)

. Электронный словарь ABBYYLingvo. - Режим доступа: http://www.lingvo-online.ru/ru. - (Дата обращения: 21.04.2015)

. Электронный словарь Urban Dictionary. - Режим доступа: http://www.urbandictionary.com. - (Дата обращения: 15.04.2015)

19. Bayley E. BBC Focus // E. Bayley. The funny bussiness of laughter. - Режим доступа: http://www.sciencefocus.com. - (Дата обращения: 12.02.2015)

. Wiseman R. LaughLab. // R. Wiseman. The scientific search of the world's funniest joke. Final report. - Режим доступа: http://laughlab.co.uk. - (Дата обращения: 11.02.2015)

            Приложение

THE FUNNY BUSINESS OF LAUGHTER

, sniggering, guffawing, tittering - it has so many names and yet it is one of the most mysterious aspects of human behaviour. Emma Bayley investigates a very peculiar habit.

"Call yourself an evolutionary biologist and you don't even know what laughter's for - now that is funny!"’s a date for your diary: Sunday 4th May, World Laughter Day. Described by its founder, Dr Madan Kataria, as “a very auspicious day for the whole planet”, it will be marked by groups of people the world over getting together for a good giggle., who introduced this annual event 10 years ago, says we need more laughter in our lives to combat the global rise of stress, loneliness and depression. But that’s daft isn’t it? Surely that strange yelping sound that we emit periodically can’t be the answer to such pressing problems.an alien were to land on our planet and take a stroll among a crowd of earthlings, it would notice that the low hum of speech was regularly interjected by much louder exhalations and that these outbreaths were chopped into ‘ha-ha’ fragments. It might wonder what purpose this strange habit served. If we ask ourselves what triggers a good chortle, the obvious answer is that it is a response to something we find funny. But one scientist, Robert Provine, who has spent nearly two decades studying laughter, says that humour has surprisingly little to do with it. Instead, it seems to lie at the root of such lofty questions as the perception of self and the evolution of speech, language and social behaviour., a neuroscientist at the University of Maryland in the US and author of Laughter: A Scientific Investigation, realised early on in his research that you cannot capture real-life laughter in the lab because as soon as you place it under scrutiny, it vanishes. So, instead, he gathered his data by hanging around groups of people in public places, eavesdropping on their conversations, surreptitiously noting when they laughed.

AN EPISODE

the course of a year he collected 1200 laugh episodes - an episode being defined as the comment immediately preceding the laughter and the laughter itself - which he sorted by speaker (the person talking), audience (the person being addressed), gender and pre-laugh comment.His analysis of this data revealed three important facts about laughter. Firstly, that it is all about relationships. Secondly, that it occurs during phrase breaks in speech. And thirdly, that it is not consciously controlled. “It’s a message we send to other people - it practically disappears when we’re by ourselves,” he says. “And it’s not a choice. Ask someone to laugh and they’ll either try to fake a laugh or say they can’t laugh on command.”With these conclusions, Provine has challenged traditional models of laughter - which he believes put too much emphasis on humour - and also what people generally assume to be true about it. For example, we tend to think that we know why we have just laughed. “You might say, ‘I laughed because I was embarrassed’, or ‘I laughed because it was funny’,” says Provine, “but these are all posthoc rationalisations. They’re not the reason that you laughed. most surprising of all is Provine’s finding that only 15-20 per cent of everyday comments preceding laughter are remotely humorous. “Laughter usually follows,” he says. “Simply observe it in your own life and you’ll see that most laughter is like the laugh track of the world’s worst sitcom.”fact that we don’t have conscious control over when we laugh suggests that it must be deeply embedded in our nature, programmed by our genes rather than learned from our environment. Indeed, studies of the play behaviour of great apes suggest that having a good giggle has been around a lot longer than we have.laugh while they are having play fights although the sound is quite different to that made by humans due to their different vocal apparatus. Instead of chopping a single exhalation into the ‘ha-ha’ sound that characterises our laughter, chimps laughter sounds like panting. A recent study of orangutans reveals a deeper similarity with humans. A team of researchers watched the play behaviour of 25 individuals aged between two and 12 at four primate centres around the world.

“In particular we analysed the facial expressions that they produce during social play,” says Dr Marina Davila-Ross of the University of Portsmouth. “It’s a relaxed expression where they open their mouth and show the upper row of teeth. It is very similar to the human expression of laughter.”team discovered that when one orangutan displayed this expression, its playmate would often produce the same expression less than half a second later. The speed with which this mimicry occurred suggested that the expressions were involuntary - in other words the laughter was contagious. “In humans, mimicking is a mechanism that enables us to understand our social partner better, and this helps us to cooperate and form social bonds. It is clear now that it evolved prior to humankind,” says Davila-Ross.Richard Wiseman, psychologist at the University of Hertfordshire and organiser of LaughLab (an internet-based experiment into the psychology of humour that involved over 350,000 people from 70 countries), agrees that laughter is contagious because it enables us to bond more strongly with each other. “We are social animals, and so it is a very helpful communication tool if we can feel what those around us are feeling. Laughter is contagious because it helps us communicate and empathise with others,” he says.fact that we share laughter with great apes suggests that it emerged in our ancestors sometime before the split with chimpanzees six million years ago. But it may have evolved even earlier than that. Research conducted at Bowling Green State University in Ohio, US, found that even rats produce chirps comparable to laughter when playing or when tickled, and the common ancestor of rats and humans lived 75 million years ago.is hard to say for sure whether rat ‘laughter’ shares the same evolutionary roots as human laughter, but the fact that it is triggered by tickling suggests a strong link because, as Provine puts it, “tickle is the most ancient and reliable stimulus of laughter”. One of the earliest ways in which a parent and child laugh and play together is through tickling.chimpanzees it is just as common and remains an important social interaction throughout their lives. Chimpanzees who have been taught sign language regularly discuss tickling amongst themselves. Laughter and tickling go together - the former seemingly a reflex reaction to the latter, comparable to the reflex reaction you experience when a hammer strikes your knee.of tickle (the preferred scientific term), although thin on the ground, should therefore be able to tell us a lot more about laughter. For example, we all know that we cannot make ourselves laugh through tickle. But could a machine tickle us?

TICKLE MACHINE

team of researchers at the University of California at San Diego built a mechanical tickling machine, complete with robotic hand and wiggling fingers, to look at this very question. They discovered that their subjects laughed just as much in response to the machine as to the experimenter. This tells us that a successful tickle doesn’t depend on another person, but merely on another entity, something that’s not you.thinks that this finding goes to the heart of an even more profound question than that of laughter. “By considering this not-youness, we discover the criteria for self,” he explains. “We’re getting to grips with a neurological mechanism for what’s us and what’s other. A tickle reveals the neurological mechanism for sociality.”that laughter can be used as a tool to explore other aspects of our behaviour has, for Provine, been one of the most rewarding aspects of his research. Perhaps his most important insight concerns the evolution of speech, a critical event in our history that occurred sometime after we split from chimpanzees.believes that the evolution of speech and bipedal locomotion are causally related. He came to this conclusion after analysing the difference between chimp and human laughter. “It occurred to me that, basically, the human ‘ha-ha’ came about as a result of the evolution of breath control that chimps lack,” he explains. We hold our breath to lift heavy objects and quadrupedal animals must do the same when moving in order to support their body when their four limbs hit the ground. When our ancestors stood up on two feet, the thorax was freed of these mechanical demands, making it possible for speech to evolve.

“People talk about bipedality being important for carrying infants or manipulating objects in front of the body but something that hadn’t been considered was that walking upright on two legs was necessary for the evolution of speech,” concludes Provine.breaking away from traditional models of laughter as a mechanism simply linked to humour, and discovering its links to deep elements of human nature such as speech and sociality, Provine has reinforced just how ancient laughter is. It has been around for as long as rough-and-tumble play, an activity that you see in mammals, from rats and squirrels to chimpanzees and humans, and has most likely evolved from the laboured breathing or panting that accompanies such play., it is a response to feelings of social connectedness - you don’t see any sign of it in reptiles simply because they are not social in the way that mammals are. Like many things that feel good - eating or sex, to name a couple - it is a behaviour that goes to the core of who we are as animals. So, yes, we probably should do it more to increase our sense of well-being. Maybe World Laughter Day isn’t such a daft idea after all.Bayley is Focus’s contributing editor