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leads to «sludge, «varnish», «acids», or other deposits. In contrast, an engine which runs continually for hours, such as for a taxi, or long–distance driving, is considered «normal» service. Many manufacturers have engine computer calculations to estimate the oil's condition based on the factors which degrade it such as RPMs, temperatures, and trip length; and one system adds an optical sensor for determining the clarity of the oil in the engine. These systems are commonly known as Oil Life Monitors or OLMs. Over the years, manufacturers have been

Сable to reduce the viscosity of oil needed to correctly lubricate the engine and extend the duration of the serviceable life. In the 1970s, typical cars took heavy 10W–40 oil which was used for a duration of 3,250 km (2,000 mi) or less. In the 1980s, 5W–30 oils were introduced to improve gas mileage and engine performance. A modern typical application would be Honda Motor's use of 5W–20 viscosity oil for 12,000 km (7,500 mi) without excess wear or deposits, while offering maximum mpg. Most other manufacturers use 20–weight oils as well. The latest API «SM» spec offers a substantially better product than preceding

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2. Match the words with the similar meaning.

3. Make up all possible derivatives from the following words and

write your own report about: a) check/replace fuel filters;

b) check or refill windshield washer fluid; c) check or flush brake fluid;

d) check and flush engine coolant.

Section A. The importance of graphics

Theory

In addition to the writing portion of your report you might want to consider including pictures or graphics. Graphics today form part of any standard business report. There is also often an alignment between graphics and any supporting visual presentation (PowerPoint) offered in support of any business proposal or

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argument. However, since the goal in a business report is to convey information clearly to the reader, a graphic can be clearer than text.

If you wanted to show a financial or operational trend for a commercial period, a line or bar graphic would be the most effective format. Some of the more common graphics that you might want to consider would include:

• tables;

С• others (pictograms, maps, photographs, time lines, flow charts, etc.). иRemember, that the ART to successful business reporting is being able to

• pie Charts;

• line Charts;

• bar Charts;

• organizational charts;

communicate and sell the report, and accordingly graphics must be located within the center of the report and relative to key findings or statements. Work the graphic into the flow of your text. Place the graphic within the text immediatelyбafter the paragraph in which the graphic is first mentioned. Refer to each graphic by its future number, which must correspond to the section of the report (Chapter) and the sequence of the features.

Questions:

1.What is the role of graphics in the structure of modern business report?

2.Why is it important to use graphics?

3.What is the most effective format to show a financial or operational trend for a commercial period?

4.What are the most common graphics?

5.Where graphics should be located?А

1.What questions does this text need to answer?

2.What type of information the author required answering these questions?

3.What are possible sources of this information?

Reliability engineering is an engineering Иfield, that deals with the study of reliability: the ability of a system or component to perform its required functions under stated conditions for a specified period of time.[1] It is often reported in terms of a probability.

•Reliability may be defined in several ways:

•the idea that something is fit for purpose with respect to time;

•the capacity of a device or system to perform as designed;

•the resistance to failure of a device or system;

•the ability of a device or system to perform a required function under stated conditions for a specified period of time;

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•the probability that a functional unit will perform its required function for a specified interval under stated conditions;

•the ability of something to «fail well» (fail without catastrophic

consequences).

Reliability engineers rely heavily on statistics, probability theory, and reliability theory. Many engineering techniques are used in reliability engineering, Сsuch as reliability prediction, well build analysis, thermal management, reliability testing and accelerated life testing. Because of the large number of reliability techniques, their expense, and the varying degrees of reliability required for

different situations, most projects develop a reliability program plan to specify the reliability tasks that will be performed for that specific system.

иand training. Reliability engineering is closely associated with maintainability engineering and logistics engineering. Many problems from other fields, such as security engineering, can also be approached using reliability engineering

The function of reliability engineering is to develop the reliability

requirements for the product, establish an adequate reliability program, and

perform appropriate analyses and tasks to ensure the product will meet its

requirements. These tasks are managed by a reliability engineer, who usually holds

an accredited engineering degree and has additional reliability–specific education

techniques. This article provides an overview of some of the most common reliability engineering tasks. Please see the references for a more comprehensive

In software engineering and systems engineering the reliability engineering is the subdiscipline of ensuring that a system (or a device in general) will perform its intended function(s) when operated in a specified manner for a specified length of time. Reliability engineering is performed throughout the entire life cycle of a system, including development, test, production and operation.

Reliability theory is the foundation of reliability engineering. For engineering purposes, reliability is defined as the probability that a device will perform its intended function during a specified period of time under stated conditions. Mathematically, this may be expressed as where is the failure probability density function and t is the length of the period of time (which is assumed to start from time zero).

Reliability engineering is concerned with four key elements of this definition.

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3.Why do you think so?

4.Do you consider information given in this text objective?

5.Is this report made in one writing style or not?

6.What kind of style is it?

7.Give characteristics of this style?

8.What attributes are common to it?

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