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from years of destructive conflict and this failure to hold perpetrators of grave abuses to account.Amnesty International does not take sides in conflicts and has no opinion on borders. Their work in situations of armed conflict concentrates on documenting and campaigning against human rights abuses and violations of IHL, no matter who commits them.

The vast majority of armed conflicts today are internal. Many internal conflicts have persisted for decades, despite significant international efforts to find solutions. These conflicts are often triggered by issues of identity, ethnicity, religion and competition for resources, particularly oil and mineral wealth. In Afghanistan, the escalating conflict has resulted in death and injury to thousands of civilians. War crimes have been committed by all parties to the conflict, including international and Afghan security forces, and the Taleban.

In Iraq, security forces are committing rather than preventing sectarian violence. At least a dozen countries in Africa have been affected by armed conflict over the last year, despite numerous peace and international mediation processes. In all of them civilians suffered human rights abuses, and the most affected were women, children and elderly people.

AI calls on all warring parties to respect IHL and human rights, and emphasizes to state forces and armed groups that targeting civilians can never be justified. Amnesty International campaigns for an end to impunity for war crimes and crimes against humanity. Amnesty International campaigns for international peacekeepers to protect civilians in Darfur and eastern Chad, and has urged its supporters across the world to write to Sudanese MPs, calling on them to take a stand against the atrocities happening in their country. Amnesty International is also actively campaigning to end the recruitment of child soldiers and to ensure that they are demobilized and reintegrated into society, lobbying the UN for strengthened protection of civilians, including strict adherence to human rights and humanitarian law in peacekeeping efforts.

The International Criminal Court (ICC) was established in 2002 to prosecute people accused of genocide, crimes against humanity and war crimes. It offers the hope that some of the perpetrators of the worst crimes committed in armed conflicts will be brought to justice. It has been hailed by governments, legal experts and civil society as the most significant development in international law since the adoption of the United Nations Charter. Amnesty International has been actively involved in all stages of the establishment of the Court. The ICC has issued arrest warrants for

people accused of war crimes and crimes against humanity committed in armed conflicts in Democratic Republic of Congo, Sudan (Darfur), and Uganda. International tribunals established to try serious crimes committed in Former Yugoslavia, Rwanda, and Sierra Leone have brought to justice leaders who have committed war crimes, crimes against humanity and genocide.

Exercise 1 Find these words and word combinations in the text.

a)пытки

b)вынужденное переселение

c)голод

d)международное гуманитарное право

e)привлечь к ответственности

f)воюющие стороны

g)строгая приверженность

Exercise 2 Fill in the appropriate prepositions.

Conflict is the ground_____ mass violations of human rights including unlawful killings, torture, forced displacement and starvation.

International humanitarian law (IHL), also known ____ the laws of armed conflict or the laws of war.

3.Few perpetrators of mass abuses_____civilians are held accountable.

4.The work of Amnesty International in situations of armed conflict concentrates

____documenting and campaigning against human rights abuses and violations of IHL.

5.Amnesty International calls ___ all warring parties to respect IHL and human rights.

6.Amnesty International is campaigning to end the recruitment of child soldiers and to ensure that they are demobilized and reintegrated _______society.

Exerctse 3 Complete these sentences.

1.International humanitarian law (IHL), also known as the laws of armed conflict or the laws of war, has developed in order to ______________

2.International organizations such as the United Nations have advanced in

__________________

3.Many internal conflicts are often triggered by ___________

4.Amnesty International campaigns for __________________

5.International tribunals established to try serious crimes have brought to justice leaders who _____________

Exercise 4 Answer these questions.

1.What is the difference in application of International humanitarian law and human rights law?

2.Does Amnesty International take sides in conflicts?

3.When and why was the International Criminal Court established?

4.Who has the ICC issued arrest warrants for?

Total : 22

Your score :_________________

KEYS

Text 1 . The United Nations

Exercise 1 Find these words and word combinations in the text. a) to maintaining international peace and security

b)у living standards

c)to achieve goals

d)to conquer hunger, disease and illiteracy

e)humanitarian assistance

f)disarmament

g)the rule of law

Exercise 2 Say if the sentences are true or false. Correct the wrong ones.

1.F

2.T

3.T

4.T

5.F

Exercise 3 Complete these sentences.

1. -To keep peace throughout the world;

-To develop friendly relations among nations;

-To help nations work together to improve the lives of poor people, to conquer hunger, disease and illiteracy, and to encourage respect for each other’s rights and freedoms;

-To be a centre for harmonizing the actions of nations to achieve these goals.

2. The Organization can provide a forum for its 193 Member States to express their views.

3. sustainable development, environment and refugees protection, disaster relief, counter terrorism, disarmament and non-proliferation, to promoting democracy, human rights, gender equality and the advancement of women, governance, economic and social development and international health, clearing landmines, expanding food production.

4. rule of law issues

Exercise 4 Answer these questions

1.the General Assembly, the Security Council, the Economic and Social Council and other bodies and committees.

2.It is best known for peacekeeping, peace building, conflict prevention and humanitarian assistance

3.UN rule of law activities support the development, promotion and implementation of international norms and standards in most fields of international law

4.Its powers are vested in the UN founding Charter

TEXT 2. Treaty Banning Nuclear Weapon Tests in the Atmosphere, in Outer

Space and under Water

Exercise 1 Find these words and word combinations in the text.

a)hereinafter referred to as

b)to put an end to the contamination of man's environment

d)radioactive substances

e)to prohibit nuclear weapon test explosion

f)amendments to the Treaty

g)to accede to the Treaty

Exercise 2 Say if the sentences are true or false.

1.F

2.T

3.F

4.F

5.T

6.F

Exercise 3 Match these words and synonyms.

1.g

2.f

3.e

4.c

5.b

6.a

7.d

Exercise 4 Complete these sentences.

1.in the atmosphere, in outer space and under water

2.the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland and the United States of America

3.any nuclear weapon test explosion, or any other nuclear explosion, at any place under its jurisdiction or control

4.by a majority of the votes of all the Parties to this Treaty, including the votes of all of the Original Parties.

5.by signatory States

6.it decides that extraordinary events, related to the subject matter of this Treaty, have jeopardized the supreme interests of its country.

Exercise 5 Answer these questions

1.3

2.Moscow: 5 August 1963

3.It enters into force on the date of the deposit of their instruments of ratification or accession

4.the Original Parties

Text 3 . A Synopsis of the Israel/Palestine Conflict

Exercise 1 Match the word combinations and their translation.

e

a

b

g

i