5. Anderson K. How well does paternity confidence match actual paternity? Evidence from worldwide nonpaternity rates // Current anthropology. 2006. Vol. 47, № 3. P. 513-20. Beise J. The helping and the helpful grandmother // Grandmotherhood. The evolutionary significance of the second half of female life. 2005. P. 215-238.
6. Beise J., Voland E. A multilevel event history analysis of the effects of grandmothers on child mortality in a historical German population (Krummhцrn, Ostfriesland, 1720-1874) // Demographic Research. 2002. № 7. P. 469-98.
7. Bellis M.A., Hughes K., Hughes S., Ashton J.R. Measuring paternal discrepancy and its public health consequences // Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health. 2005. Vol. 59, № 9. P. 749-54.
8. Blurton J.N.G., Hawkes K., O'Connell J.F. Older Hadza men and women as helpers: residence data // Hunter-gatherer childhoods: Evolutionary, developmental and cultural perspectives. 2005. P. 214-236.
9. Bogin B., Smith B.H. Evolution of the human life cycle // American Journal of Human Biology: The Official Journal of the Human Biology Association. 1996. Vol. 8, № 6. P. 703-716.
10. Chrastil E.R. et al. Paternity uncertainty overrides sex chromosome selection for preferential grandparenting // Evolution and Human Behavior. 2006. Vol. 27, № 3. P. 206-223.
11. Coall D.A., Hilbrand S., Hertwig R. Predictors of grandparental investment decisions in contemporary Europe: Biological relatedness and beyond // PlosOne. 2014. Vol. 9, № 1. P. e84082.
12. Danielsbacka M. et al. Grandparental child care in Europe: Evidence for preferential investment in more certain kin // Evolutionary Psychology. 2011. Vol. 9, № 1. P. 14747.
13. Dawkins R. The Selfish Gene. 2nd ed. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1989.
14. Dawkins R., Carlisle T.R. Parental investment, mate desertion and a fallacy // Nature. 1976. Vol. 262, № 5564. P. 131.
15. Euler H.A., Weitzel B. Discriminative grandparental solicitude as reproductive strategy // Human Nature. 1996. Vol. 7, № 1. P. 39-59.
16. Fox M. et al. Grandma plays favourites: X-chromosome relatedness and sex-specific childhood mortality // Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 2009. Vol. 277, № 1681. P. 567-573.
17. Gaulin St.J.C., McBurney D.H. Brakeman-Wartell St.L. Matrilateral biases in the investment of aunts and uncles // Human Nature. 1997. Vol. 8, № 2. P. 139-151.
18. Gibson M.A., Mace R. Helpful grandmothers in rural Ethiopia: A study of the effect of kin on child survival and growth // Evolution and Human Behavior. 2005. Vol. 26, № 6. P. 469-482.
19. Graves J.A. Recycling the Y chromosome // Science. 2005. № 307 (5706). P. 50-51.
20. Hamilton W.D. The genetical evolution of social behaviour. II // Journal of theoretical biology. 1964. Vol. 7, № 1. P. 17-52.
21. Hawkes K., O'Connell J.F., Blurton J.N.G. Hadza women's time allocation, offspring provisioning, and the evolution of long postmenopausal life spans // Current Anthropology. 1997. Vol. 38, № 4. P. 551-577.
22. Hawkes K. Hardworking Hadza grandmothers in Comparative socioecology: The behavioral ecology of Humans and Other Mammals / ed. by V. Standen, R.A. Foley. London, 1989. P. 341-366.
23. Hawkes K. Grandmothers and the evolution of human longevity // American journal of human biology. 2003. Vol. 15, № 3. P. 380-400.
24. Hewlett S.A. When the bough breaks: The cost of neglecting our children. New York: Basic Books, 1991.
25. Hill K., Hurtado A.M. Ache Life History: The Ecology and Demography of a Foraging People. New York: Aldine de Gruyter, Inc., 1996. 561 p.
26. Hill K., Kaplan H. Tradeoffs in male and female reproductive strategies among the Ache: Part 1 // Human reproductive behavior. 1988. P. 277-290.
27. Hill K., Kaplan H. Life history traits in humans: Theory and empirical studies // Annual review of anthropology. 1999. Vol. 28, № 1. P. 397-430.
28. Hoffman E. Young adults' relations with their grandparents: An exploratory study // The International Journal of Aging and Human Development. 1980. Vol. 10, № 3. P. 299-310.
29. Hцpflinger F., Hummel C., Hugentobler V. Enkelkinder und ihre Grosseltern: intergenerationelle Beziehungen im Wandel. Zьrich: Seismo, 2006.
30. Hrdy S.B. Mother nature: A history of mothers, infants, and natural selection. N.Y., 1999. P. 315.
31. Hurtado A.M., Hill K., Hurtado I., Kaplan H. Trade-offs between female food acquisition and child care among Hiwi and Ache foragers // Human Nature. 1992. Vol. 3, № 3. P. 185-216.
32. Jamison Ch.S. et al. Are all grandmothers equal? A review and a preliminary test of the “grandmother hypothesis” in Tokugawa Japan // American Journal of Physical Anthropology: The Official Publication of the American Association of Physical Anthropologists. 2002. Vol. 119, № 1. P. 67-76.
33. Kaplan H. et al. A theory of human life history evolution: diet, intelligence, and longevity // Evolutionary Anthropology: Issues, News, and Reviews. 2000. Vol. 9, № 4. P. 156-185.
34. Kemkes-Grottenthaler A. The short die young: the interrelationship between stature and longevity-evidence from skeletal remains // American Journal of Physical Anthropology: The Official Publication of the American Association of Physical Anthropologists. 2005. Vol. 128, № 2. P. 340-347.
35. Kramer K.L. Cooperative breeding and its significance to the demographic success of humans // Annual Review of Anthropology. 2010. Vol. 39. P. 417-436.
36. Kuzawa Ch.W., Bragg J.M. Plasticity in human life history strategy: Implications for contemporary human variation and the evolution of genus Homo // Current Anthropology. 2012. Vol. 53, № S6. P. S369-S382.
37. Laham S.M., Gonsalkorale K., von Hippel W. Darwinian grandparenting: Preferential investment in more certain kin // Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin. 2005. Vol. 31, № 1. P. 63-72.
38. Lahdenperд M. et al. Fitness benefits of prolonged post-reproductive lifespan in women // Nature. 2004. Vol. 428, № 6979. P. 178.
39. Lee R.D., Kramer K.L. Children's economic roles in the Maya family life cycle: Cain, Caldwell, and Chayanov revisited // Population and development review. 2002. Vol. 28, № 3. P. 475-499.
40. Leonetti D.L., Nath D.C. Kinship Organization and the Impact of Grandmothers on Reproductive // Grandmotherhood: The evolutionary significance of the second half of female life. 2005. P. 194.
41. Mace R., Sear R. Are humans cooperative breeders // Grandmotherhood. The evolutionary significance of the second half of female life / eds. by E. Voland, A. Chasiotis, W. Schiefenhoevel. 2005. P. 143-159.
42. McBurney D.H. et al. Matrilateral biases in the investment of aunts and uncles // Human Nature. 2002. Vol. 13, № 3. P. 391-402.
43. Michalski R.L., Shackelford T.K. Grandparental investment as a function of relational uncertainty and emotional closeness with parents // Human Nature. 2005. Vol. 16, № 3. P. 293-305.
44. Pashos A., McBurney D.H. Kin relationships and the caregiving biases of grandparents, aunts, and uncles // Human Nature. 2008. Vol. 19, № 3 P. 311-330.
45. Pollet T.V., Nettle D., Nelissen M. Contact frequencies between grandparents and grandchildren in a modern society: Estimates of the impact of paternity uncertainty // Journal of Cultural and Evolutionary Psychology. 2006. Vol. 4, № 3-4. P. 203-213.
46. Pollet Th.V., Nettle D., Nelissen M. Maternal grandmothers do go the extra mile: Factoring distance and lineage into differential contact with grandchildren // Evolutionary Psychology. 2007. Vol. 5, № 4. P. 147.
47. Sear R., Mace R., McGregor I.A. Maternal grandmothers improve nutritional status and survival of children in rural Gambia // Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences. 2000. Vol. 267, № 1453. P. 1641-1647.
48. Simmons L. W. et al. Human sperm competition: testis size, sperm production and rates of extrapair copulations // Animal Behaviour. 2004. Vol. 68, № 2. P. 297-302.
49. Smorti M., Tschiesner R., Farneti A. Grandparents-grandchildren relationship // Procedia- Social and Behavioral Sciences. 2012. Vol. 46. P. 895-898.
50. Strassmann B.I., Kurapati N.T. What explains patrilineal cooperation? // Current Anthropology. 2016. Vol. 57, № S13. P. 118-130.
51. Tanskanen A.O., Rotkirch A. The impact of grandparental investment on mothers' fertility intentions in four European countries // Demographic research. 2014. Vol. 31. P. 1-26.
52. Voracek M., Haubner T., Fisher M.L. Recent decline in nonpaternity rates: a cross-temporal meta-analysis // Psychological reports. 2008. Vol. 103, № 3. P. 799-811.
53. Wheelock J., Jones K. “Grandparents are the next best thing”: informal childcare for working parents in urban Britain // Journal of Social Policy. 2002. Vol. 31, № 3. P. 441-463.
References
1. Anderson K. (2006) How well does paternity confidence match actual paternity? Evidence from worldwide nonpaternity rates. Current anthropology. Vol. 47, No 3, рр. 513-20.
2. Beise J. (2005) The helping and the helpful grandmother. In: Grandmotherhood. The evolutionary significance of the second half offemale life, pp. 215-238.
3. Beise J., Voland E. (2002) A multilevel event history analysis of the effects of grandmothers on child mortality in a historical German population (Krummhцrn, Ostfriesland, 17201874). Demographic Research, No 7, pp. 469-98.
4. Bellis M.A., Hughes K., Hughes S., Ashton J.R. (2005) Measuring paternal discrepancy and its public health consequences. Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health, Vol. 59, No 9, pp. 749-54.
5. Blurton J.N.G., Hawkes K., O'Connell J.F. (2005) Older Hadza men and women as helpers: residence data. In: Hunter-gatherer childhoods: Evolutionary, developmental and cultural perspectives, pp. 214-236.
6. Bogin B., Smith B.H. (1996) Evolution of the human life cycle, American Journal of Human Biology: The Official Journal of the Human Biology Association, Vol. 8, No 6, pp. 703-716.
7. Butovskaia M.L. (2004) Iazyk tela: priroda i kul'tura [Body Language: Nature and Culture]. Nauchnyi mir.
8. Butovskaia M.L. (2013) Antropologiiapola [Anthropology of Sex]. Friazino: Vek-2.
9. Butovskaia M.L., Boiko E.Iu. (2001) Roditel'skii favoritizm i osobennosti formirovaniia stilei povedeniia u detei v zavisimosti ot poriadka rozhdeniia: biosotsial'nye aspekty [Parental Favoritism and Peculiarities of the Formation of Behavioral Styles in Children Depending on the Birth Order: Biosocial Aspects], Etnograficheskoe obozrenie, no. 6, pp. 67-81.
10. Chrastil E.R. et al. (2006) Paternity uncertainty overrides sex chromosome selection for preferential grandparenting, Evolution and Human Behavior, Vol. 27, No 3, pp. 206-223.
11. Coall D.A., Hilbrand S., Hertwig R. (2014) Predictors of grandparental investment decisions in contemporary Europe: Biological relatedness and beyond, PloS one, Vol. 9, No 1, P. e84082.
12. Danielsbacka M. et al. (2011) Grandparental child care in Europe: Evidence for preferential investment in more certain kin, Evolutionary Psychology, Vol. 9, No 1, P. 14747.
13. Dawkins R. (1989) The Selfish Gene, 2nd ed. Oxford University Press, Oxford.
14. Dawkins R., Carlisle T.R. (1976) Parental investment, mate desertion and a fallacy, Nature, Vol. 262, No 5564, pp. 131.
15. Euler H.A., Weitzel B. (1996) Discriminative grandparental solicitude as reproductive strategy, Hu Nat, Vol. 7, No 1. P. 39-59.
16. Fox M. et al. (2009) Grandma plays favorites: X-chromosome relatedness and sex-specific childhood mortality, Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, Vol. 277, No 1681, pp. 567-573.
17. Gaulin St.J.C., McBurney D.H. Brakeman-Wartell St.L. (1997) Matrilateral biases in the investment of aunts and uncles, Human Nature, Vol. 8, No 2, pp. 139-151.
18. Gibson M. A., Mace R. (2005) Helpful grandmothers in rural Ethiopia: A study of the effect of kin on child survival and growth, Evolution and Human Behavior, Vol. 26, No 6, pp. 469-482.
19. Graves J.A. (2005) Recycling the Y chromosome. Science, No 307 (5706), pp. 50-51.
20. Hamilton W.D. The genetical evolution of social behaviour. II, Journal of theoretical biology, 1964, Vol. 7, No 1, pp. 17-52.
21. Hawkes K., O'Connell J.F., Blurton Jones N.G. (1997) Hadza women's time allocation, offspring provisioning, and the evolution of long postmenopausal life spans, Current Anthropology, Vol. 38, No 4, pp. 551-577.
22. Hawkes K. (1989) Hardworking Hadza grandmothers in Comparative socioecology: The behavioral ecology of Humans and Other Mammals. Ed. by V. Standen, R.A. Foley. London, 1989, pp. 341-366.
23. Hawkes K. (2003) Grandmothers and the evolution of human longevity, American journal of human biology, Vol. 15, No 3, pp. 380-400.
24. Hewlett S.A. (1991) When the bough breaks: The cost of neglecting our children. New York: Basic Books.
25. Hill K., Hurtado A.M. (1996) Ache Life History: The Ecology and Demography of a Foraging People. New York: Aldine de Gruyter, Inc. 561 p.
26. Hill K., Kaplan H. (1988) Tradeoffs in male and female reproductive strategies among the Ache: Part 1, Human reproductive behavior, pp. 277-290.
27. Hill K., Kaplan H. (1999) Life history traits in humans: Theory and empirical studies, Annual review of anthropology, Vol. 28, No 1, pp. 397-430.
28. Hoffman E. (1980) Young adults' relations with their grandparents: An exploratory study. The International Journal of Aging and Human Development, Vol. 10, No 3, рр. 299-310.
29. Hцpflinger, F., Hummel C., Hugentobler V. (2006) Enkelkinder und ihre Grosseltern: intergenerationelle Beziehungen im Wandel. Zьrich: Seismo.
30. Hrdy S.B. (1999)Mother nature: A history of mothers, infants, and natural selection. New York.
31. Hurtado A.M., Hill K., Hurtado I., Kaplan H. (1992) Trade-offs between female food acquisition and child care among Hiwi and Ache foragers. Human Nature, Vol. 3, No 3, рр. 185-216.
32. Jamison Ch.S. et al. (2002) Are all grandmothers equal? A review and a preliminary test of the “grandmother hypothesis” in Tokugawa Japan, American Journal of Physical Anthropology: The Official Publication of the American Association of Physical Anthropologists, Vol. 119, No 1, pp. 67-76.
33. Kaplan H., et al. (2000) A theory of human life history evolution: diet, intelligence, and longevity, Evolutionary Anthropology: Issues, News, and Reviews, Vol. 9, No 4, pp. 156-185.
34. Kemkes-Grottenthaler A. (2005) The short die young: the interrelationship between stature and longevity-evidence from skeletal remains, American Journal of Physical Anthropology: The Official Publication of the American Association of Physical Anthropologists, Vol. 128, No 2, pp. 340-347.
35. Kramer K.L. (2010) Cooperative breeding and its significance to the demographic success of humans, Annual Review of Anthropology, Vol. 39, pp. 417-436.
36. Krasnova O.V. (2000) Babushki v sem'e [Grandmothers in the Family], Sotsiologicheskie issledovaniia, no. 11, pp. 108-116.
37. Kuzawa Ch.W., Bragg J.M. (2012) Plasticity in human life history strategy: Implications for contemporary human variation and the evolution of genus Homo, Current Anthropology, Vol. 53, No S6, pp. S369-S382.
38. Laham S.M., Gonsalkorale K., von Hippel W. (2005) Darwinian grandparenting: Preferential investment in more certain kin, Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, Vol. 31, No 1, pp. 63-72.
39. Lahdenperд M. et al. (2004) Fitness benefits of prolonged post-reproductive lifespan in women, Nature, Vol. 428, No 6979, P. 178.
40. Lee R.D., Kramer K.L. (2002) Children's economic roles in the Maya family life cycle: Cain, Caldwell, and Chayanov revisited. Population and development review, Vol. 28, No 3. рр. 475-499.
41. Leonetti D.L., Nath D.C. (2005) Kinship Organization and the Impact of Grandmothers on Reproductive. In: Grandmotherhood: The evolutionary significance of the second half of female life, ed. E. Voland, A. Chasiotis & W. Schiefenhoevel, P. 194.
42. Mace R., Sear R. (2005) Are humans cooperative breeders. In: Grandmotherhood. The evolutionary significance of the second half offemale life, ed. E. Voland, A. Chasiotis & W. Schiefenhoevel, pp. 143-159.
43. McBurney D.H. et al. (2002) Matrilateral biases in the investment of aunts and uncles, Human Nature, Vol. 13, No 3, pp. 391-402.
44. Michalski R.L., Shackelford T.K. (2005) Grandparental investment as a function of relational uncertainty and emotional closeness with parents, Human Nature, Vol. 16, No 3, pp. 293-305.
45. Pashos A., McBurney D.H. (2008) Kin relationships and the caregiving biases of grandparents, aunts, and uncles, Human Nature, Vol. 19, No 3, pp. 311-330.
46. Pollet T.V., Nettle D., Nelissen M. (2006) Contact frequencies between grandparents and grandchildren in a modern society: Estimates of the impact of paternity uncertainty. Journal of Cultural and Evolutionary Psychology, Vol. 4, No 3-4, рр. 203-213.
47. Pollet Th.V., Nettle D., Nelissen M. (2007) Maternal grandmothers do go the extra mile: Factoring distance and lineage into differential contact with grandchildren, Evolutionary Psychology, Vol. 5, No 4, P. 147.
48. Sear R., Mace R., McGregor I.A. (2000) Maternal grandmothers improve nutritional status and survival of children in rural Gambia, Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences, Vol. 267, No1453, pp. 1641-1647.
49. Semenova V.V. (1996) Babushki: semeinye i sotsial'nye funktsii praroditel'skogo pokoleniia [Grandmothers: Family and Social Functions of the Grandparental Generation]. In: Sud'by liudei: Rossiia XX vek. Biografii semei kak ob"ekt sotsiologicheskogo issledovaniia [People's fates: Russia 20th Century. Family Biographies as an Object of Sociological Research]. Moscow: Institut sotsiologii RAN, pp. 326-354.
50. Simmons L.W. et al. (2004) Human sperm competition: testis size, sperm production and rates of extrapair copulations, Animal Behaviour, Vol. 68, No 2, pp. 297-302.
51. Smorti M., Tschiesner R., Farneti A. (2012) Grandparents-grandchildren relationship, Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, Vol. 46, pp. 895-898.
52. Strassmann B.I., Kurapati N.T. (2016) What explains patrilineal cooperation? Current Anthropology, Vol. 57, No S13, рр. 118-130.
53. Tanskanen A.O., Rotkirch A. (2014) The impact of grandparental investment on mothers' fertility intentions in four European countries, Demographic research, Vol. 31, pp. 1-26.
54. Voracek M., Haubner T., Fisher M.L. (2008) Recent decline in nonpaternity rates: a crosstemporal meta-analysis, Psychological reports, Vol. 103, No 3, pp. 799-811.
55. Wheelock J., Jones K. (2002) “Grandparents are the next best thing”: informal childcare for working parents in urban Britain, Journal of Social Policy, Vol. 31, No 3, pp. 441-463.