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Глава 9.

Система Lewis

Антигены системы Lewis (Левис) не являются эритроцитарными, а адсорбируются на эритроцитах из плазмы крови. Они тесно связаны с секрецией групповых антигенов в жидкостях организма и опосредованно влияют на экспрессию групповых антигенов АВО. Именно эта особенность системы Lewis привлекает внимание трансфузиологов, судебных медиков, антропологов, медицинских генетиков и других специалистов.

История открытия

Приоритет открытия групп крови системы Lewis принадлежит Mourant [176]. В 1946 г. он нашел антитела у женщины по фамилии Lewis, названные анти-Le a. Антиген Le a, выявляемый с их помощью, встречается примерно у 22 % европейцев и подобно другим групповым антигенам крови передается по наследству.

Двумя годами позже Andresen [17] нашел антитела, которые агглютинировали эритроциты Le(a −), но не реагировали с эритроцитами Le(a + ) и обозначил их анти-Le b, полагая, что они выявляют антигенLe b, антитетичный Le a.

Как отмечают Race и Sanger [197], а также Issitt и Anstee [115], антиген

Le a был обнаружен в 1939 г. японцами Eйяма и Фурухата (Ueyama [229, 230], Furuhata, Ueyama [80]). Авторы установили, что сыворотки кур дают положительную реакцию преципитации со слюной несекреторовABH-субстанций, т. е. лиц Le(a + ), и обозначили антиген слюны, вызвавший реакцию, буквой Т. Как теперь известно, сыворотки кур содержат естественные антитела против вещества Lewis, а слюна людей несекреторов АВН богата веществом Le a.

В настоящее время установлено, что Le a и Le b не являются антитетичными антигенами, а гены, инициирующие их продукцию, не являются аллельными [115, 197, 203]. Антиген Le a вырабатывается у людей, которые унаследовали от родителей комбинацию двух генов: Le и se (Lewis и несекреции). Такие люди имеют фенотип Le(a +b −) и не секретируют АВН-субстанций.

Люди, унаследовавшие гены Le и Se (Lewis и секреции), вырабатывают антиген Le b и являются АВН-секреторами.

Таким образом, антигены Le a и Le b не имеют соответствующих генов Le a и Le b, как антигеныA, B или Rh-Hr, а контролируются одним геном Le.

Ген Le в присутствии гена se кодирует Le se-генспецифическую фукозилтрансферазу,осуществляющуюсинтезвеществаLe a,авприсутствиигенаSe кодируетLe Se- генспецифическуюфукозилтрансферазу,осуществляющуюсинтезвеществаLe b.

555