Материал: Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus Diagnosis, Management, and Control

CNS

Calves born to BVD-infected cows develop CNS disorders at various times after birth, including nystagmus, eye disorders, gait disorders, and tremors. Congenital malformations occur during the 3rd to 5th months of gestation. Cerebellar hypoplasia is the most common lesion and is also associated with hydrocephalus and hydraencephaly. BVDV infection is accompanied by lens opacity and retinal atrophy. Blindness in calves is associated with no blinking reflex. BVDV-infected animals develop demyelination of the spinal cord, which is consistently present in the white matter (Hewicker-Trautwein et al., 1995).

SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS

Bovine viral diarrhea virus continues to be a major problem for the cattle industry worldwide. The virus is intimately associated with immunological disarrangement because it infects the immune cells of the body, including the antigen-presenting cells/

macrophages, and B- and T-cells. The virus has an impressive ability to evade immune recognition and elimination, which is best exemplified by its ability to infect the developing fetus, induce immunotolerance and persistent infection, and thus perpetuate itself in the herd for future generations of calves. In addition, BVDV may persist in immunologically privileged sites, such as ovaries and testicles, and thus is present in the germ plasm. Antigenic and genetic variations are also hallmarks of BVDV due to the extreme plasticity of the virus, and this variation affects immune system recognition of the virus.

Vaccines developed for BVDV have existed for several decades and the use of BVDV vaccines is fairly common. In spite of their widespread usage, BVDV vaccines appear to offer incomplete fetal protection due to the inability to achieve total protection against viremia. Understanding the methods by which BVDV interacts with the bovine immune system should provide insight into the pathogenesis of the virus, which may ultimately lead to the development of more effective vaccines. Thus, the key

areas of future research with respect to BVDV and the immune system are

•Understanding the roles of different components of the immune system in protection as they relate to vaccine development and evolution of BVDV genetic and antigenic diversity

•Determining the mechanisms of BVDV-induced immunosuppression and immunotolerance

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