Материал: Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus Diagnosis, Management, and Control

integration of segments of the host genome. Each BVDV infection represents an encounter between the genetic makeup of the virus and that of its host, allowing BVDV to respond and take advantage of its ability to generate and exist as quasispecies. Knowledge of the replication cycle allows not only understanding of the epidemiology and a wide range of diseases caused by BVDV infection, but also provides opportunities for development of effective detection, vaccination, and control strategies based on mediation of receptor recognition, interference with virus-specific replication, and blockage of viral protein synthesis and exotcytosis.

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INTRODUCTION

Transmission of bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) in cattle follows the infectious disease epidemiology characteristics of many viral infections, with a notable exception: Infection with BVDV can manifest in two patterns for the infectious period of the disease, depending on when the animal became infected. Infected animals can shed the virus transiently, following an acute infection acquired postnatally, or they can shed the virus persistently, following congenital infection acquired before 120–150 days of gestation. This chapter reviews concepts of disease transmission in the context of BVDV followed by specific discussion of routes of transmission and factors that may affect virus transmission from animals with an acute or a persistent infection. The chapter concludes with a brief summary of general considerations for minimizing transmission of the virus in cattle populations.

INFECTIOUS DISEASE

EPIDEMIOLOGY IN THE

CONTEXT OF BVDV

TRANSMISSION

FACTORS AFFECTING BVDV TRANSMISSION

Conceptually, four main factors can be expected to influence the transmission of infectious agents such as BVDV (Haloran, 1998). The first factor is the infectiousness of the virus strain, given the exposure dosage and route of infection, referred to as the coefficient of infectiousness (ß). The latter is a measure of the probability that infection will be transmitted to a susceptible animal following contact with an infectious animal. As discussed later, animals persistently infected with BVDV generally shed more virus over a much longer period of time than animals with an acute infection, so the coefficient of in-

fectiousness would be higher for PI animals than for animals with an acute infection. The second factor is the number of adequate contacts per time period (k) between infectious and susceptible animals. An adequate contact is one that would be sufficient for transmission to take place, such as direct nose-to- nose contact between an infectious animal and a seronegative, susceptible animal. The third factor is the duration of the infectious period (d) for the specific host, or, alternatively, the prevalence of infectious animals in a herd during a specified period. The fourth factor is the presence of truly susceptible animals that lack specific or cross-reacting serum neutralizing (SN) antibodies (humoral immunity) and/or cell-mediated immunity necessary to prevent infection.

These factors can be used to estimate rates of virus transmission in a susceptible population. One approach to estimating the rate or force of transmission is by the use of basic reproduction number (R0), referred to as “R-not,” which represents the expected number of new infections resulting from contact with an infectious index case animal, and is calculated as R0 = ßdk. For example, suppose, hypothetically, that the probability of a susceptible weaned calf becoming infected per adequate contact with an acutely infected animal in a feedlot is 0.02. That is, if an adequate contact was made between an acutely infected animal and 100 susceptible animals, the virus would be transmitted successfully to 2 animals. Suppose also that the number of contacts made, on average, is 50 per day and the duration of infectiousness is 4 days, then R0 = ßdk = (0.02/con- tact)(4-day duration)(50 contacts/day) = 4. A value of 4 would indicate that the acutely infected calf (index case) would infect 4 susceptible calves, and each of them in turn would infect 4 other calves.

As transmission proceeds through a herd, how-