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3)The clutch in the hand - operated.
4)Coupling is performed by steering wheel.
5)Six pressure springs are located under instrument panel.
6)The space of separating amounts 10 - 15 mm.
7)The clutch is sometimes operated by compressed air.
8)Automotive engineering uses fluid flywheel clutches.
9)The clutch housing is filled with water.
10)This type of clutch works nearly without any slippage.
9. Complete the sentences with the correct word. The number of letters in each word is given in brackets:
1) |
The…..clutches are built as multiple-disk and single…….clutches. (4) |
|||
2) |
The motorcar ........... |
is required to run smoothly. (6) |
||
3) |
Coupling is ................ |
by friction. (9) |
|
|
4) |
The....... |
is acting concentrically. (7) |
|
|
5) |
The....... |
are supported by a spring cage. (7) |
||
6) |
In lorries and busses the clutch is .......... |
by compression air. (8) |
||
7) |
engineering uses fluid flywheel clutches.(10) |
|||
8) The ........................ |
|
clutch is with oil.(7) |
|
|
9) |
This type of clutch |
......... in smooth starting. (7) |
||
10) The vanes of the .......... |
wheel are dragged along. (9) |
|||
10. Translate the following word-combinations into Russian:
Self-starting type, disengageable connection, the disk clutches, foot-operated, coupling, pressure springs, slip spring, flywheel, throttle lever, the elastic force, friction surfaces, compressed air, oil, vanes.
11.Write out all the key words from the text.
12.Make a plan of the text.
13.Compose a short summary of the text.
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Unit VIII
Change-speed gear
It is the purpose of the change-speed gear to adapt the movement of the car to the particular conditions. The internal combustion engine can develop the desired power only within a specified speed range. Therefore, the change-speed gear is meant to the driving speed to the particular situations with the engine operating at uniform speed as much as possible and to permit to back up the car. The particular ratio is called "gear" and, depending on the number of ratios, the change-speed gear or transmission is called a three-speed, four-speed, or five-speed gear or transmission.
Every change-speed gear or transmission has two gear shafts. The upper shaft is the main or sliding shaft, the lower shaft is the countershaft or layshaft. The clutch or drive shaft transmits the engine torque to the transmission via the clutch its one end is supported in the transmission housing and the other end in the crankshaft. It carries the clutch thrust plate causing the shaft to follow and the main drive gear, located inside the transmission housing and constantly in mesh with a gear on the countershaft. The main shaft is supported in the drive shaft and has longitudinal grooves carrying the individual gear clusters to be shifted in longitudinal direction by shifter forks. In addition to these two shafts, the reverse idler gear shaft is laterally supported in the housing it carries also the reverse idler gear for changing the direction of rotation when backing up. The gears of the countershaft are firmly connected to it and are permanently rotating due to the gears constantly in mesh.
In modern motorcars, especially in passenger cars, the "steering column gearshift mechanism" is preferred to the "stick control" arranged in the centre of the car. The gear-shift lever is mounted on the steering column underneath the steering wheel and its operation is very convenient since it is within easy reach. Besides, the passage from the left seat toward the right side-is free. The hand brake is not arranged in the conventional way next to the gear-shift lever but it is located underneath the instrument panel.
In some cars the gear-shift handle is located in the centre of the instrument panel and this is also a very convenient arrangement. In this case, the motion of the gear-shift handle is transmitted to the shitting lever of the transmission via some pipe passed through the instrument panel.
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The torque delivered by the transmission shaft has to be transmitted to the driving wheels. The drive of a motorcar can be performed both by the front wheels or rear wheels. In either case, some construction elements have to be incorporated between the transmission and the drive wheel, namely:
1)the cardan or universal shaft, required only for rear wheel drive from the engine arranged in the front end of the car;
2)the final drive and the differential or differential gear;
3)the axle shafts.
GLOSSARY
Change-speed gear – коробка передач, реверсивный механизм the internal combustion engine – двигатель внутреннего сгорания range – диапазон, радиус действия
is meant – здесь – предназначается
to back in the car – давать задний ход, двигаться в обратном направлении gear – шестерня
gear shaft – вал зубчатой передачи, вал с нарезанными шестернями counter shaft = lay shaft – промежуточный вал
clutch – сцепление
drive shaft – ведущий (приводной) вал torque – крутящий момент
thrust plate – упорный диск, упорная шайба groove – желобок, паз
gear clusters – блок шестерен to shift – смещаться
shifter fork – вилка переключения передач idler shaft – вал холостого хода
within easy reach – сподручное расположение (рулевой колонки) gear-shift mechanism – механизм переключения передач
the gear-shift lever – рычаг управления
Tasks
1. Find in the text sentences with the words given above and try to translate them. Guess the meaning of the following words:
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to adapt, particular conditions, power, driving speed, particular situations, to operate, transmission, three speed transmission, the upper shaft, sliding shaft, the lower shaft, motor car, front wheels, rear wheels, engine, end, to locate, longitudinal direction, forks, to change direction, permanently, constantly, passenger car, center of the car, operation, hand brake, instrument panel, driving wheels.
2.Find in the text adverbs.
3.Find in the text adjectives.
4.Find in the text participles.
5.Find in the text nouns in the function of attribute. Write out and translate these word combinations.
6.Find the sentences with modal verbs.
7.Find in the text the English equivalents to the following words:
коробка передач |
скользящий вал |
двигатель внутреннего |
сцепление |
сгорания |
|
радиус действия |
крутящий момент |
ведущий вал |
корпус (кожух) |
упорный диск |
коленчатый вал |
ведущая скорость |
упорный диск |
равномерная скорость |
входить в сцепление |
давать задний ход |
промежуточный вал |
вал зубчатой передачи |
продольные желобки |
шестерни |
вилка для переключения |
направление вращения |
механизм переключения |
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8. Find the answers to the questions:
1)What is the purpose of the change-speed gear?
2)What can the internal combustion engine develop?
3)What is called the particular ratio?
4)How many shafts does every change-speed gear have?
5)What are they?
6)Where is the main shaft supported?
7)What are gear clusters shifted by?
8)Where is the steering column gear shaft mechanism arranged?
9)Where is the hand brake located?
10)Where should the torque delivered by the transmission shaft be transmitted?
11)How can the drive of a motorcar be performed?
9. Compose a short summary of the text using the phrases:
The heading of the text is… The text informs about… The text goes on to say that…
The last passage is devoted to… Much attention is paid to…
In summary it should be noted that…
Unit IX
Universal shaft
In most vehicles with rear-wheel drive and with the engine arranged in the front end of the chassis, a propeller shaft is required leading the rear end. It is flexibly connected to permit the upward and downward movement of the rear axle casing.
The flexibility of this shaft is achieved by the cardan of universal joint; it is a joint permitting the transmission of a rotary motion while simultaneously vibrating.
Universal joints made of metal, are placed in sleeves or metal housings to be filled with special grease.
Instead of the universal joint it is possible to use rubber-vulcanized fabric