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•narrow down the topic;

•formulate a research focus;

•gather data;

•write a thesis statement;

3. Make an argument:

•select the supporting details, facts, and statistics.

•prepare a working outline.

4. Bring a conclusion:

•bring together the main ideas of the paper.

•repeat the thesis on the paper.

5.Write your notes, records, and plans in English.

6.Always ask your instructor for make sure of the direction of your paper before proceeding with the research.

Once you have collected and analyzed the information you need you can begin to determine your article design. When writing a research paper you must communicate your own ideas, but you must also include other writers’ and speakers’ ideas. In addition, you will need to refer to facts, figures, statistics, and other information from other sources. Therefore, it is your responsibility to document your writing by making clear, which ideas are your own and which ideas belong to others. All of this must follow special rules for documenting sources that are not your own opinion by referring.

Another concern is how to illustrate your writing. Most people are familiar with tables, charts, and graphs – they are a common staple of business reports, newspapers, and even television news. However, few people understand why particular data are shown using particular kinds of tables, charts, or graphs. In determining when to use words and when to use tables and other illustrations, keep the following criteria in mind as you are developing a draft. Tables, charts, and graphs are better than words when:

• you have complex numerical or statistical data to convey;

• you are describing something that requires the reader to form a mental image in order to understand it;

• you want to present information in a form the reader will be able to recall easily. Abstracts (an article) are far more than a oneor two-page piece of writing on a

particular subject written for publication in scientific journals. They are also considered as a way to answer a particular question but only one in contradistinction to the research paper. Abstracts should contain at least an introduction to the matter, its brief description, and sometimes probable benefits for the interested party. As a rule, they lack illustrations and references.

4.Продолжите предложения:

1.A research paper is…

2.А researcher forms…

3.The purpose of a research paper is…

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4.You can begin to determine…

5.You must communicate…

6.You must also include…

7.You will need to refer to…

8.It is your responsibility to…

9.Another concern is how to…

10.Most people are familiar with…

11.Few people understand why data…

12.You are developing a…

13.You are describing…

14.You want to present…

15.Abstracts should contain at least…

5.Задайте 10 специальных или общих вопросов к тексту:

6.Напишите на английском языке тезисы по теме вашего исследования.

7.Выучите фразы, используемые в презентациях, и составьте презентацию на английском языке по теме вашего исследования:

I think we first need to identify the problem. – Думается, для начала необходимо обозначить проблему.

According to the survey,… – Согласно опросу In addition to this,… – В дополнение к …

I’d like to say that…– Хотелось бы сказать, что…

Furthermore, there are other interesting facts… – Более того, существуют другие интересные факты…

Let’s now look at the next slide which shows…– Давайте посмотрим на следующий слайд, демонстрирующий…

First, let me quickly explain the graph. – Прежде всего, позвольте мне быстро пояснить график.

Just to summarize the main points of my talk…– Чтобы подвести итог основных положений моего выступления…

To conclude / In conclusion, I’d like to…– В заключение, я хотел бы…

Are there any questions? – Есть ли вопросы?

And now I’ll be happy to answer any questions you may have. – А сейчас с удовольствием отвечу на все ваши вопросы.

Рекомендуемая литература по теме (из списка): 1.ДЛ (с.22-27)

РАЗДЕЛ 4

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1. Выучите слова и словосочетания по теме:

2. Повторите модальные глаголы и их эквиваленты в английском языке. Приведите примеры, используя выученную лексику.

Есть ощутимая разница в употреблении can’t и don’t have to. Если can / can’t обозначает возможность / невозможность, неспособность к чему-либо, то have to / don’t have to показывает, что ты обязан / не обязан что-либо делать. Сравните:

I can’t speak French. Я не могу говорить по-французски.

You don’t have to attend the meeting. Тебе не обязательно присутствовать на встрече.

2.1. Составьте предложения на тему: Каковы преимущества неполной рабочей занятости? – используя данные предложения и глаголы can и don’t have:

ПРИМЕРЫ: Spend time with your family. – You can spend more time with your family. Monday to Friday – You don’t have to work Monday to Friday.

1.Continue your studies.

2.Have more time to relax.

3.Always work 8 hours a day.

4.Have two different jobs.

5.Develop a hobby.

6.Choose one employer for life.

7.Work with the same people all the time.

2.2. Представьте, что кто-либо говорит о преимуществах или недостатках своей работы. Перепишите предложения, используя предложенные модальные глаголы и их эквиваленты:

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Использование глагола must помогает показать, что говорящий сам выражает необходимость для себя совершить какое-либо действие. Использование have to, had to означает, что человек вынужден совершить что-либо. Сравните:

I had to go to the meeting. My boss asked me to. – Я вынужден был пойти на встречу. Мой босс меня попросил.

I must go. I don’t want to be late for the meeting. – Я должен идти. Не хочу опоздать на встречу.

2.3. Вставьте пропущенные в предложениях must или had to:

1.I … go to the bank yesterday.

2.Come on! We … hurry. We haven’t got much time.

3.I was nearly late for my appointment this morning. I …to get a taxi to get there in time.

4.He didn’t know how to use the machine. I … show him.

5.We … go to the bank today.

6.I … go. I haven’t got much time.

7.I have a problem. You … help me.

8.I …phone John today.

Обратите внимание, что если don’t have to, needn’t выражает необязательность, факультативность какого-то действия, то mustn’t служит для выражения жесткого запрета. Сравните:

You don’t have to go if you don’t want to. – Можешь не идти, если не хочешь. You needn’t ask Mrs Steall to translate the contract. I can do it myself. – Вы можете не просить Миссис Стил перевести контракт. Я могу это сделать сам. You mustn’t walk on the grass. – По газонам не ходить!

2.4. Вставьте пропущенные в предложениях mustn’t или needn’t:

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1.You … go to the bank. I can give you some money.

2.I must hurry. I … be late.

3.I … forget to phone George.

4.We have a lot of time. We … hurry.

5.You … buy a newspaper. You can have mine.

6.The papers are very important. You … lose them.

7.You … book a room in the hotel. I have already done it.

8.This is personal information. You … tell anybody.

3.Прочитайте и переведите текст:

РЕФЕРАТ И АННОТАЦИЯ / SUMMARY AND ANNOTATION

The reading of original literature is crucial to get the latest information. Summary (abstract, précis) and annotation have become important forms of such information providing. These forms can essentially reduce the specialists’ time of information (data) processing.

Summary is a short written account of something, which gives the important points but not the details. It is usually opens an article or a report. It can be considered as a shortened version of an original. The summary is expected to be about a sixth or a tenths of the original in length. It is usually far easier to write it after you have read the original. First, go through it lifting out important information, findings, conclusions and recommendations. It is necessary to avoid including excessive background and detail. Sometimes the summary may take a spoken form. To prepare a summary you should:

1.Study the work carefully;

2.Make definite opinion of what has been read;

3.Develop the appropriate style of writing;

4.Communicate accurately the author's conclusions;

5.Write briefly and clearly.

Annotation is the extremely brief account of the main contents like the list of major problems. If the purpose of summary is to get the reader acquainted with the main contents of the original and the substitute it to some degree, the annotation considers only the article's or the book's topic and facilitates search of necessary information on the subject. To make annotation, you should do the following:

1.Write down the name of the original (article or book) in English.

2.Translate this into Russian.

3.Write down the publishing data of the article (book).

4.Resume briefly (in 3-6 sentences) the contents of the original. The following phrases normally open summaries and annotations:

The article is concerned with . . .

This work deals with . . .

This work is devoted to . . .

Mention was made of the new achievements in the field of. . .

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