IV. Learn the following words.

1. Compactor [kqm`pxktq] n – грунтоуплотняющая машина

2. Undisturbed [,Andi`stWbd] a – ненарушенный (грунт)

3. Water loss [`wOtq lOs] – потеря воды

4. Roller [`rPulq] n – каток

5. Rolling [`rPuliN] n – укатка

6. Tamper [`txmpq] n – трамбующий брус

7. Tamping roller [`txmpiN`rPulq] – трамбующий каток

8. Tamping [`txmpiN] n – трамбование

9. Percussion [pW`kASn] n – удар

10. Exert pressure [ig`zWt `preSq] – оказывать давление

11. Sheep-foot roller y[`Sjpfut`rPulq] – кулачковый каток

12. Cohesive [kPu`hJsiv] a – связный (грунт)

13. Consequently [`kqnsikwqntli] adv – поэтому, следовательно

14. Tubular [`tjHbjulq] n – трубчатый

15. Explosion-acting machines [iks`plPuZn] – машины взрывного действия

16. Box [bOks] n - кузов

17. Gain [gein] v – приобретать

18. Equally [`Jkwqli] adv – одинаково, равно

19. Quality [`kwOliti] n – качество

20. Uniform [`jHnifLm] a – одинаковый

21. As yet [qz`jet] – еще

22. Improve [im`prHv] v – улучшать

V. Find the equivalents to the following Russian terms.

1. Разрыхленный грунт a) cohesionless soil

2. Ненарушенный грунт b) percussion principle

3. Дно и откосы выемок c) loose soil

4. Ударный принцип d) bottom and slopes of cuts

5. Кулачковые катки e) undisturbed soil

6. Несвязный грунт f) sheep-foot roller

VI. Translate into Russian paying attention to the Participle, the Gerund, the Infinitive, the Complex Subject, the Complex Object.

1. Compactors are employed when building roads.

2. Rollers are considered to be the most widespread and simplest machines used for soil compacting.

3. We know compactors to be used for compacting soil.

4. Medium graders are used to lay earth beds at small elevations and for repair jobs

5. Towed graders are known to be much less manoeuvrable than self-powered machines.

6. It is interesting to note that in an elevating grader the two functions of cutting and transporting the load are quite separate.

7. The thickness of the slice being cut may be decreased or increased.

8. The pulling force of a tractor can be used much better by making two or three scrapers into a train with a centralized control.

9. Forced discharge of scrapers proved to be the most reliable, although it involves a greater consumption of power.

10. In hydraulic bulldozers the blade is operated by hydraulic cylinders supplied with working fluid by a pump under pressure.

VII. Translate the following sentences paying attention to the Absolute Participle Construction.

Помните, что абсолютный причастный оборот состоит из подлежащего и причастия. Может стоять в начале или в конце предложения. На письме всегда отделяется запятой. Если стоит в начале предложения, то переводится с союзами «когда, если, так как, поскольку». Если стоит в конце предложения, то переводится с союзами «причем, при этом, а».

Например: 1.The surface being rough, the friction is greater.

Когда поверхность неровная, трение больше.

2. The roller is composed of several sections, each moving independently in a vertical plane.

Каток выполнен из отдельных секций, при этом каждая перемещается независимо в вертикальном плане.

1. The electric car has no gear box, accelerator, fuel tank, the engine being replaced by an electric motor.

2. The surface being smooth, the friction is less.

3. The crankshaft turning, the connecting rod pulls down on the piston.

4. There are two-stroke engines and four-stroke engines, four-stroke engines being more widely used.

5. The friction being great, the loss of power is greater.

6. Electric generators transform mechanical energy into electrical energy, electrical energy being used to drive electric motors.

VIII. Read and translate the following text.

COMPACTORS

Compactors are used to compact loose soil when building an earth bed. They are also employed to compact undisturbed soil, for example at the bottom and on the slopes of cuts to reduce water loss at the expense of filtration. Compactors are also employed when building roads.

They are classified as follows:

a) by the principle of operation: rollers which compact soil by rolling, tampers which operate on the percussion principle, vibrators and machines combining rolling with tamping and vibration;

b) by the mode of movement: trailer, semi-trailer, self-powered and pendant;

c) by the kind of energy used: with internal combustion engines, electric motors, explosion-acting machines.

Rollers compact soil by the pressure exerted by their rolling wheels on the surface. They may be smooth, sheep-foot, air-tyred and vibrating.

Smooth steel rollers are no longer used today because they do not compact deeply in proportion to their weight.

Vibration rollers compact cohesionless soil quite well, but they are very complicated in design and cannot compact cohesive soil very well. They are consequently little used as yet in earthwork.

Sheep-foot rollers are most widespread at present, although air-tyred rollers are gaining increasing popularity.

Air-tyred towed roller is composed of several sections, each moving independently in a vertical plane together with its wheel. This greatly improves the quality of the compacting process as the compacting is uniform everywhere, tyres are also equally loaded.

Each section consists of a box, a tyre, a tubular axle and bearings. A section with ballast weighs 10 tons. The roller may be composed of three or five sections. In the first case, it is towed by a C-100 tractor, and by a T-140 tractor in the second.

IX. Connect the sentences according to the contents. Translate them.

1. Compactors are used to compact a) although air-tyred rollers are gaining

loose soil increasing popularity.

2. Compactors are also used to b) because they do not compact deeply.

compact undisturbed soil c) when building an earth bed.

3. Smooth steel rollers are not d) in order to reduce water loss at the

used today expense of filtration.

4. Vibration rollers compact e) but they cannot compact cohesive

cohensionless soil quite well soil very well

5. Sheep-foot rollers are most

widespread at present

X. Insert the verbs in the proper form. Translate the sentences into Russian.

1. Air-tyred rollers … increasing popularity.

2. The roller may be … of three or five sections.

3. A section of the roller … of a box, a tyre, a tubular axle and bearings.

4. A section with ballast … 10 tons.

5. Compactors … by the mode of movement.

6. Compactors … to compact loose soil when building an earth bed.

7. An air-tyred roller … of several sections.

XI. Fill in the necessary prepositions. Translate the sentences into Russian.

1.Rollers compact soil … the pressure exerted … their rolling wheels… the surface.

2. Smooth steel rollers are no longer used today because they do not compact deeply … proportion … their weight.

3. The roller composed … three sections is towed … a C-100 tractor.

4. Compactors are classified … the kind … energy used.

5. Compactors may be employed to compact soil … the bottom and … the top … the slopes … cuts.

6. Rollers are the simplest machines used … soil compacting.

XII. Express your agreement or disagreement with the following statements.

1. In my opinion compactors may be classified according to the mode of movement.

2. It seems to me that compactors are not employed when building roads.

3. I think that rollers are considered to be the simplest machines for soil compacting.

4. It is said that smooth steel rollers are widely used now.

5. In my opinion sheep-foot rollers are most widespread at present.

XIII. Make up questions according to the models using the words given below.

Models: 1. What are vibration rollers used for ?

compactors

multi-bucket excavators

scrapers

graders

2. How are compactors classified ?

power graders

elevating graders

bulldozers

loaders

3. What is the roller composed of ?

a tower crane

an elevating grader

a belt conveyor

an operating equipment

each section of a roller

XIV. Ask questions on the underlined words.

1.Vibration rollers compact cohesionless soil quite well.

2. Smooth steel rollers are no longer used now because they do not compact deeply.

3. Rollers compact soil by the pressure exerted by their rolling wheels on the surface.

4. Sheep-foot rollers are most widespread at present.

5. Compactors are employed when building roads.

XV. Answer the following questions using the introductory phrases.

1. What is this text about ?

2. What are compactors used for ?

3. How are compactors classified ?

4. How are compactors classified according to the principle of operation ?

5. What machines are the most simplest ones for soil compacting ?

6. What types of rollers are there ?

7. What rollers are no longer used today ?

8. Why are vibration rollers little used as yet in construction ?

9. What rollers are most widespread at present ?

10. What rollers are gaining increasing popularity ?

11. What is a roller composed of ?

12. What does each section of a roller consist of ?

XVI. Translate the following sentences into English.